- 學位論文
2006年至2010年特定期間臺北及高雄地區氣溶膠之特性分析
Characteristics of ambient aerosol during cultural activities and yellow dust storms in Metropolitans Taipei and Kaohsiung from 2006 to 2010
摘要
臺灣臺北市、新北市與高雄市是主要三大都會區，不但人口密度高，亦有頻繁之工商及民俗活動，而使氣溶膠濃度與成分會有不同的變化。此外臺灣位於亞洲季風帶，冬季與夏季受到季風的影響，氣溶膠濃度會有不同的變化。又因南北地理位置的影響，當冬季與春季沙塵暴來臨時，北部地方氣溶膠濃度上升通常是早於南部地區。因氣溶膠成因有自然排放與人為排放，來源包含長程傳輸與本地污染源，因而難以控管，故了解氣溶膠濃度變化與產生來源是本研究之重點。 本研究使用臺灣環保署於新北市新莊區新莊測站及高雄市大寮區輔英測站之超級測站氣溶膠資料(2006年至2010年)，包含： PM2.5、PM10、硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽、有機碳、元素碳濃度；亦使用新莊與大寮普通測站之空氣污染物資料，如：一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、臭氧與二氧化硫；本研究使用之臺灣中央氣象局之氣象站資料，包含：每小時之溫度、雨量、相對濕度與風速；本研究之特定期間包含：元旦、除夕與農曆春節、中元節、中秋節、國慶日與沙塵暴期間。藉由以上資料整理後，分別進行趨勢分析、自我迴歸整合移動平均模式(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model, ARIMA)預測PM2.5濃度及主成份分析(Principal components analysis, PCA)。 研究結果顯示，氣溶膠之月平均濃度普遍看來皆有季節特性，大都呈現夏季濃度較低，冬季與春季較高。ARIMA模式預測PM2.5濃度結果顯示臺北地區預測PM2.5濃度所需參數只需PM2.5與PM10，而高雄地區需PM2.5、PM10、一氧化碳與臭氧；高雄地區預測相似程度較臺北地區佳。而一氧化碳與臭氧，很可能對高雄地區PM2.5質量濃度佔有一定量之貢獻。 沙塵暴氣溶膠之時序變化來看，當沙塵暴來臨時，根據不同地區其濃度峰值、影響時間亦有所不同。就特殊事件之時序變化結果而言，元旦跨年煙火氣溶膠濃度相對於類似性質之雙十國慶煙火較不明顯；除夕與農曆春節，氣溶膠濃度有明顯之峰值；中元節活動氣溶膠峰值較不明顯，但仍可發現氣溶膠濃度於中元節傍晚時可能受到祭祀活動影響有上升之現象；中秋節於新莊測站可發現氣溶膠濃度於當日，或前一日傍晚便開始上升，可能受到烤肉活動所影響。 PCA模式中以沙塵暴事件而言，臺北地區第一主成份大多以氣溶膠所組成(變異數:39.18%~49.45%)，而高雄地區第一組成份則以其他空氣污染物(一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、臭氧與二氧化硫)組成(變異數:40.83%)。就特殊事件而言，臺北地區受到特殊事件之影響會較高雄地區來得大，在元旦、除夕與農曆春節與中元節，臺北的第一組成份多由氣溶膠所組成(變異數: 45.31%~54.28%)；而高雄之元旦即除夕與農曆春節亦由氣溶膠所組成 (變異數: 29.10%~46.87%)。由以上之結果，可以研判特殊事件氣溶膠之影響高於沙塵暴。 由沙塵暴與特殊事件氣溶膠平均濃度比值中可以發現，當沙塵暴來臨時PM2.5濃度增量幅度較PM10濃度來得小，而特殊事件PM2.5濃度大多會隨著PM10濃度上升，因此可知道特殊事件人類行為對PM2.5濃度佔一定量之貢獻。
並列摘要
Population, along with frequent cultural activities, were weighest in Taipei city, New Taipei city and Kaohsiung. In addition, yellow dust storms (YDS) and increasing level of aerosols are considered important in these area. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the concentrations and components of ambient aerosols in associated with the cultural acyivities and YDS in metropolitants Taipei and Kaohsiung. This study used hourly measurements for PM2.5, PM10, sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, element carbon obtaining from Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency (TEPA) supersites in Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City (Xinzhuang station), and Daliao District, Kaohsiung (Fooyin station), and hourly measurements for CO, NO, NO2, O3 and SO2 obtaining from general air pollution monitoring stations (Xinzhuang station and Daliao station). Weather data including temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind direction and wind velocity, were obtained from Central Weather Bureau in Taipei and Kaohsiung station. The concentration of ambient aerosols during cultural activities events, such as New Year’s Eve, Chinese New year, Ghost festival, Moon festival and National day, and YDS were analyzed from 2006 to 2010. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (ARIMA) were useed to forcast the PM2.5 concentrations and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to investigate the compnents of pollutants. The monthly concentrations of aerosols are use higher in spring or winter. Concentration of PM2.5 concentration could be forcasted using concentration of PM2.5and PM10 in Taipei, and PM2.5, PM10, CO and O3 in Kaohsiung by ARIMA analyses. Levels of areosols increased earlier in Taipei metropolitan than in Kaohsiung. In addition, this study identified the levels of increasing aerosols durning Chinese New year, Ghost festival, Moon festival and National day, that could be explained by heavy traffic, burning praying cash and BBQ. The PCA results show the first principal component is composed by aerosols for YDS in Taipei (Variance: 39.18%~49.45%), and other air pollutions (CO, NO, NO2, O3 and SO2) in Kaohsiung (Variance: 40.83%). Cultural activities caused greater elevation on concentrations of aerosols in Taipei than in Kaohsiung.The first principal component is composed by aerosols for New Year’s Eve, Chinese New Year and Ghost festival in Taipei (Variance: 45.31%~54.28%). In Kaohsiung is also composed by aerosols for New Year’s Eve and Chinese New Year (Variance: 29.10%~46.87%). From this, we also could know the affect of aerosol concentrations during cultural activities were higher than YDS. The increment of PM10 was higher than PM2.5 durning YDS events. On the other hand, the increments of PM10 and PM2.5 were similar durning cultural activities.