固定污染源之排放係數計算分析與探討─以鍋爐製程為例

為了改善空氣品質，完整的排放清冊資料有助於國家訂定更有效的管制措施，了解各污染源的排放量貢獻，更可針對污染源污染程度進行分級污染管理。全國鍋爐大約15,000座，且大多數鍋爐污防設備效率不佳或無裝設污防設計，環保署統計全國燃燒固定污染源鍋爐排放之空氣污染物排放量之占比，其中粒狀污染物約占21%、硫氧化物約占13%及氮氧化物約10%。民國109年環保署將新設鍋爐空氣污染物排放標準訂定為粒狀污染物30mg/Nm3、硫氧化物50ppm、氮氧化物100ppm，鼓勵鍋爐業者進行更新及污染改善。本研究針對桃園市觀音工業區燃煤、燃油與燃氣進行統計分析，透過定檢資料及許可資料收集其相關資料，利用檢測結果包含實際檢測值及校正值，計算三種鍋爐的粒狀污染物、硫氧化物及氮氧化物之排放係數，並將其結果進行統計分析及推估相對應之排放係數之範圍。燃煤鍋爐排放係數部分，粒狀污染物實測值推估範圍為0.82～8.21公斤/公噸，校正值推估範圍為2.47～17.07公斤/公噸；硫氧化物實測值推估範圍為3.96～6.02公斤/公噸，校正值推估範圍為8.38～13.51公斤/公噸；氮氧化物實測值推估範圍8.34～12.19公斤/公噸，校正值推估範圍為12.52～17.07公斤/公噸。而在燃煤鍋爐所相對應之污防設備，本研究共有9種組合，其中以組合C(選擇性觸媒還原設備(SCR)+靜電集塵器+濕式排煙脫硫)為粒狀污染物、硫氧化物及氮氧化物處理效果最佳的組合。燃油鍋爐排放係數部分，粒狀污染物實測值推估範圍0.64～0.87公斤/公秉，校正值推估範圍為0.65～0.94公斤/公秉；硫氧化物實測值推估範圍14.63～16.70公斤/公秉，校正值推估範圍15.36～18.21公斤/公秉；氮氧化物實測值推估範圍5.15～6.01公斤/公噸，校正值推估範圍5.21～6.66公斤/公秉。燃氣鍋爐排放係數部分，粒狀污染物實測值推估範圍0.009～0.051公斤/千立方公尺，校正值為0.010～0.045公斤/千立方公尺。硫氧化物實測值推估範圍0.010～0.053公斤/千立方公尺，校正值推估範圍0.009～0.044公斤/千立方公尺；氮氧化物實測值推估範圍1.419～2.149公斤/千立方公尺；校正值推估範圍1.413～2.140公斤/千立方公尺。研究並進一步進行觀音工業區鍋爐PM10與PM2.5排放量推估，並比對TEDS 第10版桃園市105年工業源總排放量，結果顯示觀音工業區燃煤、燃油與燃氣鍋爐PM10貢獻率分別為2.39%、8.96%、0.48%，而觀音工業區燃煤、燃油與燃氣鍋爐PM2.5的貢獻率分別為1.78%、9.02%、0.58%。由上述結果得知鍋爐使用燃料之差異及不同產品規模製程，對於污染物排放係數有顯著影響，現行燃油鍋爐排放之硫氧化物明顯高於公告係數，燃油鍋爐在PM10與PM2.5排放貢獻上也明顯較其他二種鍋爐高，此研究資料可提供國家未來修訂排放係數之參考。關鍵字：排放係數、鍋爐、TSP、SOx、NOx、PM10、PM2.5、觀音工業區

關鍵字

排放係數、鍋爐、TSP、SOx、NOx、PM10、PM2.5、觀音工業區

並列摘要

To improve air quality, comprehensive data on emissions inventories will help out Taiwan to develop more effective control measures, understand the contribution of each source of pollution, and conduct classified pollution management based on pollution levels of the source. There are around 15,000 boilers in Taiwan, and most of the equipment for the pollution control from boilers was inefficient or didn’t install any air pollution control device （APCD）. The statistical analysis was conducted by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to understand the contribution of air pollutants released by stationary source boilers in Taiwan. TSP, SOx and NOx are approximately 21%, 13% and 10%, respectively. In 2020, the EPA set new air pollutants emission standards for boilers: 30mg / Nm3 of TSP, 50ppm of SOx, and 100ppm of NOx, encouraging boiler manufacturers to upgrade and improve their APCDs. The emission factor (EF) of TSP, SOx and NOx was calculated by the regular inspecting data and the statistical analysis of TSP, SOx and NOx emission factors from coal, oil and gas boilers in the Guanyin industrial zone of Taoyuan city was conducted. For coal-fired boilers, the estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of TSP is 0.82～8.21 kg/MT and 2.47～17.07 kg/MT, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of SOx is 3.96～6.02 kg /MT and 8.38～13.51 kg/MT, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of NOx is 8.34～12.19 kg/MT and 12.52～17.07 kg/MT, respectively. For APCDs combination for coal-fired boilers, there are 9 combinations in this study, among which Combination C (SCR+ electrostatic precipitator + FGD) is the best selection for reducing the PM, SOx and NOx. For oil-fired boilers, the estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of TSP is 0.64～0.87 kg/KL and 0.65～0.94 kg/KL, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of SOx is 14.63～16.70 kg/KL and 15.36～18.21 kg/KL, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of NOx is 5.15～6.01 kg/KL and 5.21～6.66 kg/KL, respectively. For natural gas-fired boilers, the estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of TSP is 0.009 ~ 0.051 kg/m3 and 0.010 ~ 0.045 kg/m3, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of SOx is 0.010～0.053 kg/m3 and 0.009～0.044 kg/m3, respectively. The estimated EF range of the uncalibrated measured value and calibrated value of NOx is 1.419～2.149 kg/m3 and 1.413～2.140 Kg/m3, respectively. The calculation of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from boiler in the Guanyin Industrial Park was further estimated, and comparing with the total industrial emissions in Taoyuan City by the 10th edition of TEDS of 2016. The results showed that the contribution of PM10 to the Guanyin Industrial Park from coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired boilers are 2.39%, 8.96%, 0.48%, respectively. The contribution of PM2.5 to the Guanyin Industrial Park from coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired boilers are 1.78%, 9.02%, and 0.58%, respectively. It is obvious that the various fuel and processes made a significant impact on the EF of pollutants. The SOx EF from the oil-fired boilers are significantly higher than the announced EF, and the calculated contribution of PM10 and PM2.5 from the oil-fired boilers are also higher than the other two boilers. The results provide valuable information for the EF modification in the future. Key words: Emission Factor, Boiler, TSP, SOx, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, Guanyin Industrial Park