由判牘案例看明清江南商業秩序的建立

本研究主要探討三個問題，第一，明中葉到清前期江南地區的交易糾紛概況。第二，商人如何處理交易糾紛。第三，商人和地方政府如何建立商業規範。明清江南的交易糾紛可區分為四類：一、假銀問題；二、賒欠貨款；三、把持行市；四、同行相爭。其中行使假銀與賒欠貨款占案例的多數，反映這兩類糾紛為明清江南較為常見的糾紛型態。當糾紛發生後，民間調解與司法訴訟是商人解決糾紛的主要手段。不論商人選擇那種方式，背後涉及當事人的經營網絡及考量。民間調解依據調解者身份的不同，分為商人、地方基層組織和地方差役。司法訴訟受限明律例偏重人命盜案，對錢債等民事糾紛規範不足，地方官處理方式大致可區分為兩種：一為律例有規定者，則依律例判決。不過，律例在引用上，也非「全文照引」，而是參酌糾紛情節與地方習慣，做出折衷判決；二是在沒有律例的情況下，地方官釐清責任歸屬後，兼顧人情義理和地方習慣做出判決。除消極的解決糾紛外，商人開始積極發展管理措施，預防糾紛發生，控制地方混亂的商業情況。如此商人管理措施也影響官方的商業管理方式，同時也逐漸將民間慣例納入考量，甚至直接將習慣司法化。在商人的陳情與群體壓力，地方官也有適度的回應。但地方政府行政資源不足，無法有效進行全面性的管理，因此逐漸賦予商人部分權力令其管理商業活動。官方商業措施適應民間商業變化所做的改變十分明顯。這段時期，商業性行會組織仍在發展階段，聯絡鄉誼的作用遠勝於維護商業經營利益。雖然缺乏組織性團體推動商業管理措施，但是商人間已經開始出現集結群體力量維護經營利益的例子。這股力量進而對地方政府造成影響，商人與官方之間出現交流與互動的情況，為商業秩序的管理與建立帶來正面的影響。

關鍵字

商業秩序；商業糾紛；判牘；調解；訴訟

並列摘要

This thesis research mainly three subjects. The first, the trade disputes at jiang-nan area between the middle Ming Dynasty and the early Ching Dynasty. The second, how did the merchant handle the trade disputes. The last one is how to set up the business rules between merchant and the government. There are four types trade disputes at jiang-nan area in Ming-Ching. One is false money, two is bad debts, three is market monopolization, and four is suits between the different competitions. Among the four types, the false money and bad debts are the most famous cases. After trade disputes, the civic mediation and judicatory suits are the main solution. Merchants have chose the best way depend on theirs commerce situations and considers. The civic mediators can be another merchants or local business organizes or local polices The Ming law stresses the suits with human dead, and the commercial suits laws are not sufficient. The local judgments are decided by two ways. If there are have the same old judgments, the new one will reference the old one, suit situations and the local cultures. If there are not have the same old same judgments, the new one will reference these human responsibilities, human sympathy, and the local experiences. These merchant actively develop management system to avoid commercial knottiness and control local business. It influences on the management system of the government, but the local government is short of administrative resources, the local officers don’t generally response and manage the problem. For this reason, the local government brings into local institute, so that these merchant get the some power to manage the commercial order. In fact, it is limited to dealings with private relationship in business that the business guild undeveloped in the period. But these merchant begin to further their interests and bring about the current between the local offices and these merchant. On the basis of these factors, it will be charged older institute and injected into the new management system.