隔代家庭祖父母的親職壓力與因應策略

隨著家庭型態的改變與多元，隔代家庭就是其中一種快速成長的家庭類型，祖父母因而參與教養，甚至成為代理父母。那麼祖父母在成為代理父母後之親職壓力有那些? 祖父母面對親職壓力的因應策略又有那些? 本研究以隔代家庭之祖父母為研究對象，欲探討隔代家庭中祖父母之親職壓力與因應策略，以期有助於實務工作與未來政策規劃之參考。為達上述目的，研究者採質化研究之深度訪談法，邀請11位隔代家庭之祖父母參與訪談，研究結果敘述如下：祖父母發聲在成為代理父母後之親職壓力有「心理壓力」包括煩惱、擔心、鬱卒、無奈、掛心、氣憤和辛苦等。「身體負荷」包括體力不足和疾病纏身。「經濟壓力」包括生活、醫療、教育費用沉重、額外的褓姆費用和成年子女的索錢。「管教困難」包括課業教導困難、無父母親般的權威、無法溝通和偏差行為。「社交撤退」包括生活變忙碌和失去個人自由。因應策略有「正面解決問題」、「改變內在對話」、「參與宗教、討論擔憂」、「喝酒」、「放任、做有興趣的事」、「展望未來」等方法。整體而言，祖父母在遇到心理壓力時，多數都會使用裝笨一點、看開/想開、希望、期待與少數會使用期待正向增強、喝酒等方法。身體健康方面，祖父母會自己就醫，對於孫子女的照顧則會買備用藥品。經濟壓力面，祖父母採用的方法有節省開支、申請補助和增加收入等。管教困難方面，祖父母會運用言語溝通、體罰、社會資源、請人協助教導、使用鼓勵的方法、尋求宗教慰藉、因無助而放任和做有興趣的事等。社交撤退方面，有些祖父母會使用反向思考的方法。基於上述研究結果，本研究提出相關的研究建議：(1)經濟層面：針對隔代家庭做適切的家戶所得評估並給予照顧者支薪，以利達到老人經濟安全多元層面保障。(2)心理層面：成立祖父母支持團體，或運用個案工作方法深入瞭解祖父母的疏壓方法，再提供祖父母舒壓良方。(3)身體層面：針對高危險群之祖父母提供健康個案管理師給予預防追蹤與定期關懷，以利恢復身體健康。(4)親職層面：對於可再繼續教育之祖父母們，推行隔代家庭親職教育團體，適時增加祖父母的親職技巧與親職效能。(5)成年子女層面：與警政和衛生單位互相配合提供處遇服務，以利再建構第二代成年子女的親職功能與社會功能。

關鍵字

隔代家庭；親職壓力；因應策略；祖父母

並列摘要

Nowadays, the way to manage family has been changed and became diversification. Grandparents family is one of the ways which growing rapidly. Basically, the grandparents family means grandparents have joined the education for their grandchildren, even become surrogate parents. In that case, what parenting stresses may face by the grandparents when they become surrogate parents? What coping strategies may need to deal with the parenting stresses? In this research, the grandparents family’s grandparents have been choosing for the object of study. Aim to discuss the parenting stresses and coping strategies from grandparent’s perspectives. Moreover, base on the results, it will be helpfulness for the practice workers and better plan of future strategies. By achieving the purposes above, researchers choose the way which called in-depth interview. Also, there are eleven grandparents family’s grandparents have been invited for interview. The results are describing below: Grandparents may face lots of parenting stresses when they become surrogate parents, such as, “stress from psychology”,“load for the body ”,“pressure from economy”, “hard to educate”, and “withdraw in social activity ”. The coping strategies which include, “solve the problems positively”, “change the communication inherently”, “join religion and discuss worries”, “drinking”, “abandoned the responsibility and do something interesting”, forecast future”, etc. Base on the results above, this research has provided some associate suggestions: (1) Address grandparents family to evaluate the income and provide the appropriate payroll for caretakers. It is aiming to achieve the safely protection for old person in variously layers. (2) Establish groups to support grandparents or try to understand the ways to reduce their pressures in depth by using the method which work with them individually. After that, provide the most suitable way to reduce grandparents’ pressures. (3) Address high risk of grandparents to provide Health Case Manager for preventing any risks by tracking and take care grandparents regularly. Aim to convalesce the health. (4) Regarding to the grandparents who are able to be educated, introduce them with the grandparents family’s educate groups . Help grandparents to enhance their parenting skills and make parenting more efficiency at the right moment. (5) Work in coordination with the organizations of police and hygiene to provide practice services. It is helpful for the follow-on adult to build up the capability for parenting and society.