高齡隔代教養祖父母生活壓力因應歷程之研究

A Study on the coping process of life stress among grandparents raising their grandchildren

許淑美(Shu-Mei Hsu)

指導教授 ： 王維旎

國立中正大學/教育學院/成人及繼續教育學系/碩士(2013年)

摘要

國內社會變遷及家庭結構改變之際，使得隔代教養家庭日漸增多，隔代教養祖父母在生理上及心理上出現什麼樣的變化與挑戰值得深入探討。然而，既有的隔代教養的相關研究多著重在隔代教養祖父母的生活經驗或是親職教育面向，鮮少從祖父母已進入高齡期加上承接教養責任的角度，去探討承擔教養責任後產生的生活壓力的內容及影響。面對晚年生活原本是可以含飴弄孫的年紀，但高齡隔代教養祖父母在承接教養責任後，面對的生活壓力來源及採取的壓力因應策略與結果，是本研究想深入了解的。
本研究旨在探討高齡隔代教養祖父母生活壓力因應歷程，以進一步瞭解高齡隔代教養祖父母在高齡期的老化感受與承接教養責任產生的影響，並喚起社會大眾對高齡者的重視。本研究目的有三項，分別為：(一)了解身為隔代教養祖父母的高齡者，進入高齡期後，生理、心理與社會角色變化的感受；(二)了解身為隔代教養祖父母進入高齡時期，承接教養責任時生活壓力的來源；(三)探究身為隔代教養祖父母的高齡者，面對生活壓力時採取的因應策略及結果。
為達上述研究目的，研究者以六位高齡隔代教養祖父母為研究對象，採用質性研究之紮根理論，將其承接教養責任面對到的壓力與因應策略的訪談內容謄寫成逐字稿後，以紮根理論之編碼與分析步驟進行資料分析，逐步形成本研究之核心理論「高齡者承接孫子女教養責任之壓力因應歷程」。綜合資料分析結果，本研究發現如下：
壹、隔代教養祖父母進入高齡期，必須面臨生理老化造成的心理老化，與工作角色的退出造成的社會地位滑落感受
貮、高齡隔代教養祖父母承接教養的因素，除了子女的婚姻問題及工作關係之外，更深層的因素是家庭責任的使命感
參、高齡隔代教養祖父母的生活壓力根源為承擔兩字，不僅同時承擔子女與孫子女的教養責任，也要承受社會的異樣眼光
肆、在面臨高齡期身心變化與長期承接教養責任的相互作用下，隔代教養祖父母產生了身心俱疲的現象
伍、隔代教養祖父母的壓力因應方式，以主動解決和尋求支持做為問題解決的因應策略，以情緒調適與消極逃避做為情緒調節的因應策略；但不同對象即使採取相同策略，壓力因應結果可能仍有所不同
陸、隔代教養祖父母壓力來源與因應策略，會受到個人、家庭與社會因素的影響而有所不同
柒、高齡隔代教養祖父母壓力的因應結果，有外在資源協助的壓力減輕、內心獲得平靜的壓力釋放，與遇到無解問題的壓力一再循環
捌、高齡隔代教養祖父母壓力因應歷程影響，產生Erikson心理社會發展理論中自我統整與悲觀絕望的反應
玖、高齡隔代教養祖父母與一般高齡者生活壓力因應最大的不同點，在於其生活壓力源來自於整個家庭責任的承擔，以及壓力因應歷程中將導致統整與悲觀的反應
拾、本研究運用紮根理論建構出「高齡者承接孫子女教養責任之壓力因應歷程」概念圖

最後，研究根據上述結果，對隔代教養祖父母、實務推動工作者及未來研究提出建議，分述如下：
壹、對隔代教養祖父母的建議
一、鼓勵祖父母參與社會活動
二、建議祖父母加強可協助的支持網絡
三、建議祖父母善用學校資源
四、建議祖父母自我肯定與注意身體健康情形
貮、對教育實務工作者的建議
一、建議班級教師多加關心班級的隔代教養家庭情形
二、建議學校可以成立隔代教養家庭兒童的輔導團體與課輔團體
三、建議推動隔代教養高齡者工作坊
參、對家庭教育工作者的建議
一、提供孫子女的課業輔導服務
二、辦理針對隔代教養祖父母的親職教育講座或活動
三、建議提供協助隔代教養祖父母紓解壓力的管道
肆、對未來研究的建議
一、建議採用更多祖父的觀點
二、建議加入隔代教養祖父母之子女看法
三、建議選取不同研究對象的選取

關鍵字：高齡期、隔代教養祖父母、承接教養責任、生活壓力、紮根理論

關鍵字

生活壓力 ； 隔代教養祖父母 ； 承接教養責任 ； 高齡期 ； 紮根理論

並列摘要

A Study on the coping process of life stress among grandparents raising their grandchildren
Advisor: Dr. Wei-Ni Wang
Student: Shu-Mei Hsu
Abstract
Nowadays, the family structures are so different and thus amounts of grandchildren raised by their grandparents are increasing in Taiwan. What kind of changes those grandparents feel physically and emotionally, and what challenges they face are worthy of further investigation. Yet because most researches aim on the experiences of grand parenting or grand parenting education, how the coping strategies for old agers undertaking responsibility of parenting and the outcomes of are less mentioned.
The purpose of this study was to explore the life stress perceived by old-aged grandparents raising their grandchildren, the coping process, and the outcomes, to further understand the influences of old agers experiencing body declines and undertaking the responsibility of parenting and later draw more attention for old agers.There are three aspects of the research goal:
(1)To understand the feelings about physical, emotional and social role changes, while grandparent caregivers entering old age.
(2)To understand the resources of stress among raising grandchildren, while grandparent caregivers entering old age.
(3)To find out the strategies taken and outcomes for grandparents both as old-agers and grandparent caregivers when coping with life stress of raising their grandchildren.
In-depth interview was used as the qualitative method of grounded theory for data collection. Data were collected from six research subjects of grandparents raising grandchildren. There are several findings from the results of analysis:
(1)Old-aged grandparents face emotional disturbances relating to physical declines and the falls of social status caused by withdrawing from work roles.
(2)The inner factors old-aged grandparents would undertake the responsibilities for raising grandchildren are missions for the whole family, rather than the status of children’s marriage or work.
(3)The resources of life stress for grandparents who raise their grandchildren come from undertaking the responsibilities of raising children and grandchildren at the same time and also from the society.
(4)Grandparents experience “burnout” brought both by old age and undertaking responsibilities raising grandchildren.
(5) When the stress is high, the coping strategies grandparents would use in problem solving are taking an active role to solve the problem and looking for support. However, the coping strategies in emotional accommodation are emotional adaptations and negative avoidance. Different objects adopting same strategy, the stress coping outcomes may be different.
(6) Resources of stress and coping strategies differ from the influences of personal, family and social factors.
(7) As for the outcomes of coping with stress among parenting grandparents: including releasing pressures with outer supports, releasing pressures with inner peace, and being stressed in unsolvable problems. These outcomes form a circle which occur repeatedly.
(8) The findings of the research also highlight E. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development regarding personality integration and powerless reactions.
(9) For elderly grandparents who raise their grandchildren, the life stress resources from the missions and responsibilities for the family ,and the coping process produces self-integration and despair response. This is the biggest difference between elderly grandparents and the general elderly when coping with life stress.
(10) In this study, grounded theory was used to construct the concept map of stress coping process of the elderly parenting grandparents.
Finally, the study based on the above results, the parenting grandparents, practices promote workers and suggestions for future studies, as described below: According the results of this study.
1. Suggestions for grandparents raising their grandchildren:
(a) Attending social activities. (b) Looking for supportive web that can help. (c) Use the resources of school. (d) Recommend self-affirmation and attention health situation.
2. Suggestions for educators of children from grandparent families:
(a)Classroom teachers should pay more attentions about the status of children from grandparent families. (b)Holding educational, psychological, and social support programs for children from grandparent families. (c) Holding workshops for old-aged grandparents.
3. Suggestions for social workers helping children from grandparent families:
(a) Providing tutoring services to grandchildren. (b) Holding seminars or activities for grandparents who raised their grandchildren. (c) Providing help for grandparents to release inner pressures.
4. Suggestions for future study:
(a) Taking more point of views from the angle of grandfathers. (b)Adding point of views from children of grandparents. (c) Recommend selecting a different object of study selection
Keywords: old-age、grandparents raising grandchildren、undertaking the responsibility of parenting、 life stress、Grounded Theory

並列關鍵字

Grounded Theory ； life stress ； undertaking the responsibility of parenting ； grandparents raising grandchildren ； old-age

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