從竊案來看清代四川重慶的社會變遷(1757-1795)

18世紀中葉以後，四川重慶商業發展逐漸熱絡，吸引民眾前往尋求致富。在民眾經濟轉為富裕，生活更為美好之際，部分民眾因無法獲得穩定工作，多以「雇工度日」溫飽生活，形成官方眼中破壞地方治安的要角。由竊盜案件記載中，將竊案發生過程與社會發展結合，不僅反映出民眾生活樣貌的改變，也致使州縣官以維護地方安寧為前提下，在處理竊案中展現更多選擇解決案件的方式。本文論點奠基於透過大量竊盜案件分析，本研究試圖解釋州縣審判為何沒能遵從國法之因。且依律判決並非常態，相反的，判決大多輕於律法規定。地方基層組織之中，他們如何介入兩造訴訟，為何鄉約比起保甲更常協助官方緝盜？而若有失職時候，保甲卻又須受到懲罰。在經濟發展過程之中，伴隨著四川各種社會問題，部分竊案反映乃因民眾生活感到憂慮。另外，經濟發展提升民眾生活水平，其水平又與乾隆早期的巴縣社會不同，反映民眾日常生活所需物品出現變化。物價波動與竊盜行為之間關聯，因何種因素使得糧價暴漲卻未造成民眾恐慌？有鑑於此，本文將分成五章說明，報案流程與緝盜成效、失竊地點和身份職業差異背後的社會因素、經濟與竊案之間關係、以及探討州縣審判議題爭論。

關鍵字

州縣審判；社會變遷；保甲；鄉約

並列摘要

After mid-eighteenth century, the commercial activities in Chongqing (重慶), one of the provinces in Sichuan (四川), have boomed and attracted people, who devoted to make a fortune here. Some employees (雇工), however, not being able to find jobs successfully though, usually were employed by part-time jobs everyday. In this case, this phenomenon probably made officials worried that those employees would be vandals and menaced local public security. In accordance with the records of larceny lawsuits, and association of the process of the larceny and the development of the society, these not only revealed the changes of people’s life, but also caused the multiple solutions of dealing with larceny in premise of maintaining local security by county magistrates(州縣官). From the view points of this thesis, this study attempted to explain the reasons why magisterial adjudication(州縣審判) did not obey the law by analyzing a number of larceny lawsuits. That was abnormal to determine by article completely, but in contrast in most of the cases were lighter than the law verdict. Amid the local systems(地方基層組織), how did they interfere with the litigants? Why did xiangyue (鄉約) assist officials to arrest the burglars more often than baojia(保甲)? In fact, if derelictions happened, baojia should be punished instead. With the process of the economy development, accompanying with various social problems aroused in Sichuan (四川), some of the larceny lawsuits appealed to the anxieties of people’s life. On the other hand, with the development of the economy, people’s life standard was enhanced, which was different from the period of 1740s and which indicated the changes of people’s demands in daily life. It was the coherence of the price fluctuation (物價波動) and larceners’ behaviors. Nevertheless, what were the reasons why the price inflation did not panic people? Hence, this thesis elaborated on five chapters, including the procedures of petition and arrestment effects, locations of larceny and the social factors of occupation differences, the coherence of economy and larceny, and exploration of magisterial adjudication debate.