中國大陸高等教育助學貸款制度之探討

面對全球化，國際人力快速流動的影響，各國亟欲擴大高等教育培養優秀人才以厚植國際競爭力。中國高等教育從1949年開始為了擴展範圍實施高等教育免學費，歷經了免繳交學費將高等教育被當作純公共產品看待，政府承擔了所有的培養成本，之後為使學費政策法制化及平衡政府財政支出開始立法收取學費。　　高等教育實行收取學費政策，固然能使政府減輕財政負擔但卻會使弱勢學生因為經濟問題而放棄升學，依人力資本及教育機會均等的角度來看，實屬人才培育之損失。為此，中國於1999年開始對家庭經濟困難的學生，推行國家助學貸款輔助經濟弱勢學生，分為：發摸索階段、試行階段、全面推廣階段。　　經過十幾年的發展中國國家助學貸款也面臨著諸多問題與挑戰，如，助學貸款法律定位不明確、傳統觀念的影響、家庭經濟困難認定標準存在瑕疵、還款期限仍然較短、助學貸款性質與商業銀行性質存在矛盾、銀行間國家助學貸款放款不平衡、大學生誠信意識淡薄、畢業生就業困難、貸款拖欠問題嚴重。本研究提出：加速國家助學貸款立法、建立全國個人信用制度、明確國家助學貸款各方職權、增強學生的責任感、建立專責銀行辦理國家助學貸款、採取多元的助學方式、引入績效責任等，作為改善中國國家助學貸款政策之建議。

關鍵字

中國；高等教育；國家助學貸款制度

並列摘要

Face to globalization and the rapid flow of international human influence, countries anxious to expand higher education to train talents to enhance international competitiveness. Higher education in China had developed higher education tuition-free since 1949,and in order to balance the government finance burden established policy of charging tuition. Charging tuition can reduce the financial burden but for disadvantaged students will abandon their studies due to financial problems. China began in 1999, students from poor families, the implementation of the national student loan assist economically disadvantaged students, divided into: send exploratory stage, trial phase, the promotion stage. After ten years of development of China's national student loan is also facing many problems and challenges, can be divided into question the level are: student loans legal position is not clear, high default rate, college students' credit consciousness, poorly functioning schools, graduate employment difficulties. This study proposes: accelerating national student loan legislation to establish a national personal credit system, enhance their sense of responsibility, to establish a dedicated national bank for student loans, student taken diverse ways, such as the introduction of accountability as to improve China National Student Loan recommend policies.