台灣與日本少子化時代的幼兒托育政策之比較研究

論文摘要根據OECD指出，世代間要能完全交替，每名婦女生育率須達2.1人以上。但由於經濟的成長，女性主義的抬頭，使得全球生育率降低，少子化現象成為先進國家普遍的趨勢。台灣在2003年出生率降至1.24，已面臨少子化的衝擊，持續下去將影響教育產業及國家總體發展，故政府將少子化列為國家安全隱憂議題。日本在1989年出現1.57新低出生率，使日本政府積極探討出生率減少的因素，並提出對策。本文針對台灣與日本自1989年以來之幼兒托育政策進行分析，內容有四：1.闡述台灣與日本托育政策發展源起；2.分析台灣與日本家長之托育需求；3.探討台灣與日本政府因應少子化的托育政策；4.根據政策實施結果提出建議，以供台灣未來托育政策改革與發展之參考。最後根據前述研究結果，獲致的建議為：建立周延的托育服務諮詢管道；有系統的推動兒童托育政策，並成立幼托專責部會；建構普及多元近便的幼兒照顧體系；進行幼托師資整合，保障幼教人員的基本福利；建立托育機構督導管理系統及逐年增加兒童福利預算之編列，並加強宣導家庭之價值。

關鍵字

少子化；幼兒教育；托育政策

並列摘要

Abstract According to OECD report, a country can only totally replace among generation, only if each women fertility rate has to be up to more than 2.1 people. However, the economy growth, the accumulation of wealth, the emergence of urbanization, and a new line of the doctrines of women, which make global fertility rate at unprecedentedly low level. Falling population of children phenomenon is very common among developed countries. The birth rate in Taiwan had already declined to “1.24“ in 2003, which imply Taiwan has to face the impact of falling population of children. It will have a negative effect on the education industry and national overall development. Therefore, our government agenda has regarded this issue as potential crisis to national security and add it into “National security report”. In Japan, the lowest birth rate of 1.57 was in 1989. Japanese government began alert, thus actively exploring the factors of decline population year by year, and proposed countermeasures to meet the child care needs for parents in order to raise the birth rate. To address falling population of children issues, this paper aims at Taiwanese and Japanese child care policy analysis since 1989. There are four points to indicate: Firstly, the child care policy development of Taiwan and Japan; secondly, analysis on the parent's demand for child care in Taiwan and Japan; thirdly, discussion between Taiwan and Japan in the light of child care policy toward falling population of children; fourthly, developing feasible proposals for future reform and development in term of child care policy to Taiwanese authorities. There are five suggestions base on the analysis of this dissertation. First, the government should set up a sound consultation system to child care access. Next, the government should develop systematic policy to child care industry and set up an administration or a department to be responsible for child care policy. Third, the government should set up a multi-dimensional, convenient and easy child care system to parents or guardians. Fourth, the government should integrate education between carers and teachers and guarantee a good welfare to child carers and teachers. Last, the government should set up administrative and monitoring system to all child care providers, increase social welfare benefit budget to child care industry gradually as well as promote the family value.