論大學自治與學生權益保障

司法院作成釋字第684號解釋，將特別權力關係中的行政救濟限制，予以全面性的解除，使大學生與學校的特別關係產生了重大的改變。此號解釋作成後，有為該解釋再度突破特別權力關係並保障大學生在校園內之應有基本人權而讚賞者；惟亦有認為此後大學校園恐將『永無寧日』，且學校將面對學生動輒即提起『行政爭訟』的情形而『疲於奔命』。在相關媒體轉述報導下大學自治與學生權益保障之相關議題獲得討論與重視。教育部為因應該號解釋對大學院校之衝擊，除舉辦研討會外，並發函全國大專校院，檢送「因應司法院釋字第684號解釋，專科以上學校處理學生事務參考原則」，針對程序、實質、及組織等三大面向提出原則上之建議，以作為各大專院校自我調整校內運作模式之參考。上開參考原則，係為提升大學生權利之保障，並維持校園和諧。但如進一步細查，除請各校檢討校內所涉及學生之作為，若有限制，應敘明理由及明確規範限制內容外，對於學校應如何對學生予以規範仍未明確。是以大學生於在學關係的基本權利為何?其類型為何?與憲法講學自由及大學自治之間，宜重新檢視與理解。是以大學自治展現在對內規範學生權利義務之事項上，是否得以形成大學內部之「法規範」，而得如何對學生權益作各種不同程度的限制，即有探討之必要。筆者嘗試以『大學自治』與『學生權益保障』為主軸，在內容上首先闡述大學生在學關係之演變，其次，再從「自治」之本質論述「大學自治」之內涵，並擬探討獨立性與參與性的要素，以做為後續論述之理論基礎。再者，就大學校務行政對學生的管理規範，嘗試歸納學生權益事項，參照釋字第443號層即化保留體系予以類型化，並提出學校所為各項對於影響學生權益之行政措施的規範密度與應有之規範原則，作為大專院校擬訂相關管理措施與訂定校內法規時，可據以操作之參考。依據訪談得知，筆者除明確說明學校何種行政行為應提出何層級之學校會議或得逕予以處理外，並針對學校各種行政行為如訂定自治規章、作成行政處分、締結行政契約、確定行政計畫的正當程序及作成其他行政行為(管理措施)等提出可能的相關實例，藉由舉例來提出循序原則與應注意事項的操作模式，俾供學校得以進一步參酌引用。最後再對大專校院訂定法規及行政行為提出現行大學校務的可能缺失與建議，並認為憲法上「大學自治的制度性保障」與「學生基本人權的維護」這二者間的衝突，應回歸到利益衡量的個案予以解決與調和，從此角度言，應沒有孰輕孰重的問題，就如同天秤的二端應保持一定的平衡關係，而這也可以認為是憲法保障人民基本權的真諦，作成總結。

關鍵字

特別權力關係；大學自治；制度性保障；行政爭訟；學生權益；層即化保留；規範密度；自治規章；行政處分；行政契約；行政計畫；正當程序

並列摘要

The Judicial Yuan made No. 684 interpretation release comprehensively that the administrative remedy to limit the power relations in particular, so that the relationship between college students and schools in particular have had a significant change. No 684 interpretation made after this, there is a breakthrough for the interpretation of particular power relations once again and to protect students in the campus of the fundamental human rights and appreciation for those who should be; but there probably will be considered thereafter campus "no peace," and the school will face students frequently mention that the case "administrative litigation" while "exhausted." Media reports quoted the relevant issues related to autonomy and protection of the rights of students under the University of discussion and attention. The Ministry of Education is due should explain the impact of the number of universities, in addition to organizing seminars, and sent a letter to the national University , prosecutors sent "in response to the Judicial Interpretation No. 684 word explanation, specialist schools to deal with student affairs reference principle." and make recommendations on the principles for a three-oriented programming, the real, and organizations, as the tertiary institutions of self-adjustment reference school mode of operation. The open reference principle to enhance the protection of the rights of the Department of college students, and maintain harmonious campus. But as further detailed investigation, in addition to reviewing your school's campus as a student involved, if limited, should clearly state the reasons and content outside the specification limits for how schools should be standardized for students not yet clear. Students are to learn the relationship between the fundamental rights of why? Why its type? Lectures and Constitutional freedoms and university autonomy, should re-examine and understand. University autonomy is to show that in matters of internal norms of the rights and obligations of students, the university is able to form an internal "legal norms", derived from the interests of students how to make a variety of different levels of restrictions, that is necessary to explore. I try to "university autonomy" and "protect the interests of students," as the main, in the content of the first study describes the evolution of the relationship between students in the second, and then discussed the connotation of "university autonomy" of the essence "autonomy" of, and to investigate the independence and participatory elements to be taken as the theoretical basis of the subsequent discussion. Furthermore, the school administration university student management practices, the interests of students try to generalize things, reference No. 443 interpretation release layer that melts reservations system to be typed and presented to the school administrative measures to influence the students' interest in the specification density and proper normative principles, as universities formulate relevant management measures with the regulations set the school can operate according to the reference. Based on interviews that, besides the author clearly stated what the school administrative act shall propose what level of school meetings or have dealt with outside diameter, and a variety of administrative action against the school autonomy as set regulations made administrative sanctions, administrative contract, determined by the Administrative plan due process and made other administrative acts (management) and other relevant examples made possible, by way of example the principles and propose a sequential mode of operation should be noted matters, to serve for the school to further deliberate references. Finally, the proposal put forward may be missing school on the existing university college university hospital setting regulations and administrative practices, and believes the conflict, "university autonomy institutional protection" on the Constitution and the "maintenance of students' basic human rights." This is between the two, should return to the case of interest to be addressed and reconciliation measure, from the perspective of words, there should be no more important issue, just as the two ends of the scales should maintain a certain balance, which can also be considered a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution of the People essence, made summary.

並列關鍵字

special power relations ； university autonomy ； institutional support ； administrative litigation ； the interests of students ； the layer that melts reservations ； standardized density ； autonomous regulations ； administrative sanctions ； administrative contracts ； administrative plan ； due process