帝國治理與村庄社會秩序：以清代彰化縣的訴訟糾紛為例（1723-1786）

本文透過清前期彰化縣的訴訟糾紛為主體，試圖解析清帝國的治理策略、審判制度與衙門組織的運作實態，以及村庄社會內部秩序構成等課題，由此呈現清前期村庄社會秩序的整體樣態。彰化縣村庄社會的建立與生成過程，緣起於十七世紀的荷治時期與鄭氏時期。依據村庄社會形成的方式約可分為原有庄、墾庄與府官庄等類型。清前期的聚落擴散過程與方志所述有所差異，空間型態具有細化與集村等特徵。其次，探索帝國的治安政策轉變，綠營塘汛兵額與沿山地帶民間武力徵用間的互動關係。從鄉壯守寨到隘番制，是清帝國運用漢番武力應對沿山地帶族群衝突的變遷脈絡，徵調沿山民間武力的治理策略，也有益於彰化縣的整體會秩序。再次，闡明荷治時期至鄭氏時期的訴訟治理基礎後，探究清前期帝國審判制度的內容特徵與變遷歷程，以及州縣以下的訴訟審理實態。並亦說明衙門吏役組織與鄉約保甲組織的實際運作機制，及其與村庄社會秩序的聯繫。最後闡釋村庄內部秩序構成以業戶管事、庄眾與公親人為核心。最後，藉由訴訟案件與小民生活間的交互審視，呈現底層小民的日常生活百態與時間節奏，由此反向觀察訴訟案件的生成原因與訴訟觀感。

關鍵字

帝國治理；村庄社會；訴訟糾紛；社會秩序；聚落型態

並列摘要

This study through the litigation and disputes of Changhua County in the early Qing dynasty, examines the governance strategy of the Qing empire. Different from existing research, showing the organization of the local government and the social order in village society. On the one hand, the establishment of the village society in Changhua County originated in the seventeenth century.According to the village formed can be divided into the original village, Official villiage and other types. On the other hand, this paper analyze the characteristics of village of the pre -Qing period,that is different from that of the local chronicles. Secondly, to explore the empire of the military policy changes. The Qing empire to use local folk force to cope with the conflict in the mountain area of the context of the transition, the collection of folk forces along the mountain governance strategy, but also beneficial to the social order of Changhua County. Thirdly, clarifying the basis of litigation governance in the period of Dutch period and Zheng period, it explores the contents and vicissitudes of the imperial trial system in the pre-Qing period, and the litigation trial in the county and county. And also explains the actual operation mechanism of the Yamen organization and its relationship with the village social order. Finally, by the interaction between the litigation case and the common people 's life, it shows the daily life and the rhythm of the daily life of the folk.