泰國產業創新制度發展之政治經濟分析

泰國位於北東協區域地理中心位置，近年來電子商務在東協國家中表現亮眼，尤其在2016年，泰國政府推出泰國4.0政策後，更讓人期待其數位經濟發展景況，然而究其過往經濟發展模式，會發現許多弊病，因此泰國4.0政策能否克服固有弊病、成功達成其政策目標，則需要深入探討其過往之產業創新發展制度，方能推測泰國4.0政策能否收割成功果實？本篇論文將透過新制度主義理論，探索泰國3.0到泰國4.0時期，泰國農業、電子電器業與汽車業，三個產業的創新制度，探究泰國國家、科研機構及大學、以及外資/產業三者間的互動關係，及其各自扮演的角色，最終希望瞭解泰國產業創新的關鍵，應是由國家政策及科研機構主導，還是由外資/產業來主導？最終發現三個產業創新制度的共通性，其中國家政府會成立科技部、國家經濟與社會發展委員會、國家科學與科技發展總署、國家創新署、數位經濟與社會發展部、數位經濟推廣署等相關部會，制定國家整體性之科學、科技與創新政策、投資優惠政策及人力資源培育計畫，並與外資合作推動創新與人才培育；公家科研機構與大學，包含：國家基因工程與生物科技中心、國家金屬與材料中心、國家奈米科技中心、國家電子與電算機科技中心、朱拉隆功大學、法政大學等，則透過設立研究中心、執行研發計畫、與外資建立產學合作或創新研發合作等方式，帶動國家、產業創新發展；而外資/產業則透過設立私部門科研機構、與公家科研機構或當地大學合作等方式，來帶動國家、產業創新與人力資源發展。而三個產業相異處的部分在於：泰國國家對於泰國農業的主導性，在三個產業之中最高，且對於農業的保護性也最強，外資必須採取與當地農企業共組聯合企業的經營方式。泰國公家科研機構與國立大學在一定程度上，較能夠對泰國農業做出科研及創新貢獻，泰國當地農企業自身的科研及創新能力也較強，對外資創新技術的倚賴性較其他兩個產業低；泰國國家對泰國電子電器業的主導性居中，對外資的限制也較低。泰國政府主要透過投資優惠政策來吸引私部門企業投資，藉此帶動產業創新升級，而泰國政府也有設立科學園區、軟體園區及有關單位來促進創新與研發活動，只是創新能力在三個產業中居中，對外資的倚賴性也較農業部門高；泰國國家對泰國汽車業的主導性最低，政府主要透過投資優惠政策來吸引外資投資，藉此帶動產業發展與創新升級，泰國公家科研單位與大學僅能提供有關協助及人力資源，創新研發能力在三個產業中最低，對外資的倚賴性也最高。吾人發現：隨著不同產業部門的產業環境與特性，國家角色與介入程度的轉變，對於個別產業創新發展的影響甚鉅。除了Peter Evans教授提出政府與產業的角色外，更應積極納入外資的角色。此外，國內所做的產業投資分析報告，應更著重探討產業中，當地企業及生產網絡的協力關係，此乃當地產業能否成功創新升級的關鍵，上述要點對於東南亞產業創新研究尤其重要，也更值得注重。

關鍵字

產業升級；泰國；泰國4.0 ；制度演化

並列摘要

Locates in the geographical center of the North Asean, Thai electronic and electrical industry performs outstanding among Asean countries recently. Especially after initiating Thailand 4.0 policy by the state, the digital economy becomes more prospective in Thailand. However, I found some defects inside the state after reviewing its past economic development mode. Therefore, it supposed to inspect and discuss the institution of the industrial innovation in Thailand, could we speculate whether Thailand 4.0 policy could conquer the state’s inherent defects, and tastes the fruit of success eventually. Abide by the new institutionalism, this Thesis will explore the institution of the three industrial innovation, including Thai agriculture, electronic and electrical, and automotive industry, and explore the interaction and the roles played between the Thai state, the science and technology R&D institutes and the universities, and the foreign capital / industry, and expect to realized that which one above all, plays the key role to lead the industrial innovation? In the end, I found some commonalities among these three industries stating below. The Thai state established the Ministry of Science and Technology, National Economic and Social Development Council, National Science and Technology Development Agency, National Innovation Agency, the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, Digital Economy Promotion Agency, and the related agencies to create national science, technology and innovation policy, investment privilege policy, human resource forstering plan, and promote innovation and human resource with foreign capital；while the public technology R&D institutes and universities, including: National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Metal and Material Technology Centre, National Nanotechnology Centre, National Electronics and Computer Technology Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Thammasat University, and so on, push the national and industrial innovative development through establishing research centers, conducting R&D plans, and having the Industry-Academy Cooperation or innovative R&D with the foreign capital；while the foreign capital / industries drive the national and industrial innovation and the human resource development through the ways like establishing the private sector’s technology R&D institutes, and collaborating with public technology R&D institutes or local universities. The differences between these three industries are stated below. In the agricultural sector, Thai state plays a highest leading and protective role among the three industry. The foreign capital have to form a joint venture with local agri-businese in order to run the businese. To a certain degree, Thai public R&D institutes and national universities are more contributable to the R&D and innovation than the other two industries. Thai local agri-businese’s R&D and innovative capacity is stronger than the other two industries, and is less dependant on the innovative technology of the foreign capital；In the electronic and electrical sector, Thai state plays a medium leading and protective role among the three industry. Thai government attracts the investment from private sector firms, mostly through the investment privilege policies, and drives industrial innovation and upgrading in that way. In addition, Thai government established the science park, software park, and the related agencies to facilitate innovative and R&D activities. In this sector, Thai state’s innovative capacity ranks second among the three industries, and is more dependant on the foreign capital than the agriculture sector；In the automotive sector, Thai state plays a lowest leading role among the three industries. Thai government attracts the foreign capital through the investment privilege policies, and drives the industrial development and innovative upgrading in that way. The only things that Thai public R&D units and universities can offer are some related assistance and human resource. So its innovative and R&D capacity is the lowest among the three industries, and the highest dependant on the foreign capital. I found that as the different industrial environment and characters in the different industrial sector, the state’s role and the interventional degree change, it affects the innovation of the individual industry greatly. In addition to exploring the roles of the government and industry which Mr. Peter Evans professor suggested, we should include the role of the foreign capital more aggressively. Apart from this, the reports of investment analysis in Taiwan should discuss the association relationship between local firms and productive network in the industries more, and it’s the crucial factor of the successful innovative upgrading in the local industries. These are the key points when they comes to the industrial innovation studies in the Southeast Asia, and they should not be ignored.