無人機使用 RTK/PPK 技術應用於坡地測繪精度提升之研究

臺灣位處菲律賓海板塊、歐亞板塊交界，多山、地質破碎且複雜，加上地震頻繁與颱風強降雨等因素，山區坡地災害多而範圍廣。歷年來，政府對如何防範如南投國姓九份二山與高雄小林村大規模崩塌事件甚為重視，坡地監測可利用無人機載具航測產製高精度圖資，判釋潛在危險之應用，有效降低測繪所耗費時間與人力，近年因無人機載具技術提升，測繪精度提高，防範坡地潛在危險災害應用愈來愈廣。無人機航測產製高精度數值地形圖，對坡地潛在危險判釋需有一定可信賴之精度，研究證明良好地面控制點之佈設，可提高產製圖資之精度，然而山區因地形陡、植生多與交通不便等因素，無法均勻佈設地面控制點，航測產製之地形圖常無法達到一定精度，常受疑義與討論。本研究顯示於大面積測區，利用無人載具搭載即時動態定位技術（RTK），可能因山區網路通訊不良，或城市中地形環境因子干擾之問題，造成無固定解狀態，若能加上後處理動態定位技術（PPK）解算，與設置3點以上地面控制點，平面精度達可3.6公分，高程精度達到5.9公分，成果優於航測地形圖一千分之一精度。 PPK動態後處理差分技術可確保無人機搭載即時動態定位技術無固定解狀態下精度降低之問題，兩者搭配確可提高產製圖資之正確性。研究顯示利用本方法解算，可克服因地形陡峭、交通不便及植被茂密等因素無法佈設地面控制點，導致航測圖資精度失準問題，達到降低佈設地面控制點數量亦符合地形圖精度之要求。因此，其應用技術可於緊急狀態或地形、交通無法到達限制下，在發生災害時或監測工作時，發揮機動、低成本、低危險與準確、高效率之運用。

關鍵字

無人機；即時動態定位技術；動態後處理定位技術

並列摘要

Taiwan is located at the junction of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The terrain is mountainous, weak geology and complex, including frequent earthquakes and typhoon with heavy rain and other factors, mountain slope disasters are many and widespread. Over the years, the government has paid great attention in how to prevent large-scale collapses such as the Nantou county Guoxing township of the Chiu-fen-er-shan and Kaohsiung Xiaolin village, slope monitoring can use unmanned vehicle to fabrication aerial survey and production of high-precision mapping, the interpretation of potentially dangerous applications, effectively reduce the time and human resources spending on mapping, in recent years due to the upgrading of unmanned vehicle technology, mapping accuracy, to prevent potential dangerous disasters on the slope more and more widespread application. Drone to fabrication high-precision DSM topographic map of aerial survey, the potential danger of slope interpretation needs to have a certain reliable accuracy, research proves that a good ground control point implantation, can improve the accuracy of fabrication in mapping. However, due to steep terrain mountain areas, planting and transportation inconvenience and other factors, can not uniform deploy ground control points, aerial survey fabrication of topographic map often can not achieve a certain accruacy, often suspected and discussed. This study shows that using the unmanned vehicles equipped with RTK in large measurement area, might cause poor network reception due to poor mountain, or urban terrain environmental factor interference problems, resulting no fixed solution state. If to add PPK software after processing kinematic processing differential method technology solution, with the setting of more than 3 points ground control points, plane accuracy can reach 3.6 centimeters, high accuracy range of 5.9 centimeters, the final result is better than 1/1000 accuracy of aerial topographic map. PPK dynamic post-processing differential technology can ensure that the drone equipped with RTK without fixed solution state accuracy reduction problem, the combination can improve the correctness of mapping fabrication. The research shows that the solution by this method can overcome the problem of the ground control points which can not be implantation because of the steep terrain, the inconvenience of transportation and the dense vegetation, which leads to the misalignment of the accuracy of aerial survey and mapping, and the reduction of the number of ground control points is also in line with the requirements of topographic map accuracy. Therefore, this application technology can be use in emergency or the limit in terrain, transportation can not reach, in the event of disaster or monitoring work, mobility, low-cost, low-risk and accurate, efficient use.