出境就學役男未履行兵役義務問題之研究

本研究主要是以描述、解釋、評價、建議等四面向，探討出境就學役男未履行兵役義務問題。在描述面向上，一方面，役男出境就學後，如不依法返國履行兵役義務，意圖避免徵兵處理或現役徵集之行為，徵兵機關將依《妨害兵役治罪條例》規定移送司法機關偵辦。另一方面，目前在實務上，法官依職權均處以6個月以下有期徒刑，並得以易科罰金，惟此與《妨害兵役治罪條例》所定5年以下有期徒刑規定，明顯落差。司法是正義最後一道防線，但並未能有效防杜核准出境逾期未歸的役男，這對兵役制度義務平等的公平性，讓人不禁產生了質疑。在解釋面向上，本研究透過文獻資料與問卷訪談，得知役男選擇滯留國外不願意返國的原因多元，不僅有個人原因面向也有國家原因面向。國家原因面向的其中之一是：司法並未能有效防杜核准出境逾期未歸的役男，因而將造成兵源控管、兵員徵集與國防安全等不利之影響，進而影響兵役制度的公平。在評價面向上，由上述的描述與解釋兩面向可知，兵役制度的公平性在出境就學役男未履行兵役義務問題上實具有關鍵價值。依此，本研究選定公平作為評價觀點，這又可分為憲法公民義務與兵役公平兩個面向。在建議面向上，本研究綜合上述的描述、解釋與評價三面向，進一步做出政策指引建議。本研究深知，改革成功常需要很強歷史能量，在許多結構性因素維持不變的前提之下，刻意改革將會徒勞無功。職是之故，本研究轉而只提出比較可行的兩個政策指引建議，分別是修正《妨害兵役治罪條例》相關條文，以及研議海外服役。

關鍵字

兵役；出境就學役男；未履行兵役義務

並列摘要

This study mainly discusses the problems of the non-performance of the obligatory military service for the draftees studying abroad, and it is presented in four aspects of description, explanation, evaluation and suggestion. In the aspect of description, on the one hand, if draftees studying abroad don’t perform their obligatory military service as well as intend to avoid the military conscription or the draft of the active duty service, they will be prosecuted by judiciary based on the Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service. On the other hand, judges generally sentence draftees to imprisonment under six months, but draftees can convert imprisonment into fine in the current situation. It is a distinct deviation that draftees are sentenced to imprisonment for five years based on Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service. Judicature is the last defense line of justice; however, it can’t effectively prevent draftees studying abroad with exceeding the time limit from not returning. People can’t help but doubt the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of explanation, according to literature reviews, questionnaires and interviews, it indicates that a variety of reasons cause draftees to return reluctantly and stay abroad including personal reasons and national reasons. One of the national reasons is that judicature can’t effectively prevent draftees studying abroad with exceeding the time limit from not returning. This has a great impact on military manpower controls, military recruitment and national security, which influences the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of evaluation, from the two above-mentioned aspects, it is crucial for the equity of the system of military service on the problems of the non-performance of the obligatory military service for the draftees studying abroad. Therefore, equity is chosen as the perspective of evaluation in this study, which can be divided into civil obligation in the constitution and the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of suggestion, the foregoing description, explanation and evaluation are synthesized and further policy-guidelines are suggested. It is believed that successful reform requires powerful history energy. Intentional reforms might become unfruitful on the premise that many structural factors remain changeless. Hence, two feasible policy-guidelines are provided in this study, which are to amend Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service and to research and discuss the possibility of serving military service abroad.