清初寧古塔的社會變遷（十七世紀到十八世紀中葉）

寧古塔是清朝入關前後積極發展的地域和城市概念，探討此一課題，一方面探入東北邊疆地區及城市的社會變遷，試圖理解清代東北城市的特質究竟為何這一問題，也間接地檢討影響清初東北城市變遷的原因。清初寧古塔的社會變遷過程，從清代流人的文集中，我們瞭解到了寧古塔地區原有的社會情況，與此同時，漢人的進入使得原有以滿族為主體的社會，逐漸地產生變化，繼之而來的商業發展、文化交流等因素讓這個城市逐漸擺脫了軍事性質。然而政府面對寧古塔發展的結果，並不完全抱持著正面的態度，因為漢文化的影響，讓滿人放棄了原有的「國語騎射」，為此清政府做出了因應的對策，但結果並不如預期。最後筆者將影響寧古塔變遷的真正因素，歸結於政府政策的實施。本篇論文除緒論、結論之外，共分為三章。第一章主要探討寧古塔的轄區劃分、地理環境、城市建制等相關問題。關於城市空間的重現方面，嘗試著利用廟宇位置作為推斷聚落分布的材料。第二章焦點在於寧古塔土地、商業的發展中，流人在其中所扮演的角色。而寧古塔與朝鮮會寧的貿易也是商業發展的另一重心，透過《李朝實錄》的記載，將可以更瞭解貿易的過程與內容。此外，流人這一族群在寧古塔的生活，其中有一些細微的部分在以往不常被討論，都將在第二章裡敘述。第三章則利用清代檔案討論商業發展前後的寧古塔風俗，以及商業發展對寧古塔帶來的變化。最後則是政府面對寧古塔社會變遷所展現的態度及因應對策。

關鍵字

寧古塔；社會變遷；流人；清朝；東北

並列摘要

Abstract Ningguta is a regional and urban concept that Qing Dynasty positively developed when they started entering China. To research this subject, we must realize the society change of northeast frontier and cities, trying to understand what the northeastern cities’ characteristic of Qing Dynasty is, and indirectly to research the causes result to the changes of northeastern cities in the early days of Qing Dynasty. From the vagrant’s anthology of Qing Dynasty, we realized the original social conditions of Ningguta Area. In the meantime, the Chinese immigration gradually changes the society that mainly organized by Manchurian at first. Little by little, the trades and the cultural exchanges made the city get rid of the military character. However, facing the development of the Ningguta, the government did not hold a positive attitude. Due to the influences of Chinese culture, Manchurian gave up their “Speaking native language and the skill of riding-shooting.”Though the Qing Dynasty took the countermeasures to cope up with the situation, it did not effect as expected. In the end, the author concluded the real causes of Ningguta’s changes to the adoption of government’s policies. Except the introduction and the conclusion, this research divided into three chapters. The chapter1 mainly discusses the demarcation, geography, and cities’ organizational system of Ningguta. When rebuilding the description of the city space. I tried to use temples’ positions to presume the villages’ distribution. The chapter2 emphasizes and researches the vagrants’ roles in the land and business development of Ningguta. Also, the trade between Ningguta and Korea’s Hoeryŏng is another key point in the business development. Through the record in “the Annals of the Choson Dynasty”, we can understand more about the trading process and contents. Besides, there are some trivial parts about vagrants’ life in Ningguta, which is seldom discussed before, would be referred in chapter2. In Chapter3 we use data of Qing Dynasty to discuss the culture change before and after the business development and its influences to this area. In the final part, it mentioned the government’s attitude and its countermeasures toward to Ningguta’s society change.