台灣客家族群文化權利之研究

A Study of Cultural Rights of Taiwan Hakka Ethnic Group

陳建榮(Jian-Rong Chen)

指導教授 ： 洪泉湖博士

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/公民教育與活動領導學系/博士(2006年)

摘要

台灣客家族群由於客語使用偏低，傳承客家文化產生危機，甚至可能危害族群的存續。然而，當前國家並沒有制訂任何法律，來保障並解決客家族群所面對的這些問題。客家族群與原住民族同屬國內的少數族群，而原住民族權利已受國家法律的保障，但客家族群的族群權利，卻仍未有相關的保障。由於，客家族群與原住民族的族群特質不同，不能直接將保障原住民族的法律用來保障客家族群。因此，對於客家族群權利的保障，本論文認為國際人權範疇的文化權利，最能符合客家族群解決上述問題的權利主張。
在國際人權文獻內，文化權利是與公民、政治、經濟、社會權利並列，這些權利之間具有不可分性，同時要求各國必須負起履行保障文化權利的責任。由於文化權利內容具有個人面向與集體面向，是故，文化權利也成為各國境內少數族群爭取集體權利的重要主張。少數族群及其成員為了能夠實踐文化權利，文化認同權利的主張最為關鍵，亦即，唯有能先具有文化認同權利，其他文化權利才能真正落實。這項文化認同權利，對於解決台灣客家族群所面臨的種種問題，提供權利保障與族群發展的重要依據。
本論文認為台灣客家族群的文化權利，可就三個層面來加以分析，首先，在「個人文化權利」上，客家族群成員在文化認同上，無論是「隱形」或「現形」，或「多元認同」，都是個人選擇的自由，而選擇結果，無論是族內或族外成員，都必須加以尊重；其次，在「集體文化權利」上，客家族群則可以要求國家，賦予增強族群的特殊權利，進而能鞏固族內成員認同，與吸引族外成員認同。至於在權利的主張上，台灣客家族群可以要求三項權利，即客家事務自治權、客語權利法制化以及族群權益代表權，藉以提升族群的集體文化認同，除了有助於族群集體認同的凝聚外，同時要求國家必須傾聽客家族群的聲音，提升客家族群的地位，公平對待，合理保障，共同建構多元文化的社會。
最後，國家對於客家族群的「個人的文化權利」與「集體的文化權利」，負起應盡的責任，兼籌並顧的思考與規劃，將保障及維護其族群與文化的權利，明訂於憲法或法律內，具體化與法制化的規範，對於解決當前台灣客家族群所面臨客語流失、文化保存、族群認同的問題，才能具有實質的助益與效益。

關鍵字

族群 ； 少數族群 ； 台灣客家族群 ； 文化權利 ； 集體權利 ； 人權保障 ； 多元文化主義

並列摘要

The fact that the use of the Hakka language is on the decrease has caused a crisis for the preservation of Hakka cultural heritage; what’s worse, it may pose a threat to the existence of Hakka ethnic group. However, there is no legal protection for Hakka ethnic group which can help them solve the problems they are faced with. Both Hakka ethnic group and aborigine groups are among the minority groups in Taiwan. While the rights of aborigine groups are protected by legislation, the rights of the Hakka ethnic group are not. Because of the intrinsic differences between the two groups, the legislation for the aborigine group does not apply to the Hakka ethnic group. Therefore, the present study proposes that cultural rights, which are among the basic human rights, can effectively solve problems facing Hakka ethnic group
According to international human rights organizations, cultural rights are of equal importance as civic, political, economic and social rights, and all of the rights are indivisible. Every country should shoulder the responsibility of the protection of culture rights. Since cultural rights include the individual dimension and the collective dimension, they have provided a basis for minority groups when they advocate collective rights. For minority groups, it is the right of cultural identity that has the greatest effect in terms of the practice of cultural rights. Only when they have the right of cultural identity can other cultural rights be actually fulfilled. The right of cultural identity provides Taiwan Hakka ethnic group with a basis for the protection of their rights and for the development of their groups when they strive to solve the problems they are faced with.
The present study proposes that the cultural rights of Hakka ethnic group can be analyzed from two aspects. First, in the aspect of individual cultural rights, Hakkanese cultural identity, whether it is invisible, visible, or multiple identities, is a free choice of individuals. Whatever the choice is, it should be respected by both Hakka ethnic group and non-Hakka ethnic groups. Second, in the aspect of collective cultural rights, Hakka ethnic group can claim special rights from the government, which enables them to strengthen their group, enhance their identity and gain recognition from people outside the Hakka ethnic group. In terms of their demand for rights, Hakka ethnic group has a rightful claim on three rights: the right of self-government of Hakka affairs, the right to institutionalize the Hakka language and the right to represent Hakka benefits. Through the practice of the three rights, collective cultural identity can be enhanced, which in turn would strengthen ethnic identity. In addition, Hakka ethnic group can demand the government listen to their voice and promote their social status. As a result, all people in Taiwan can enjoy equal treatment and fair protection and a multi-cultural society can be constructed.
In conclusion, the government should take the responsibility for the protection of individual cultural rights and collective cultural rights, and deliberate a comprehensive plan which takes the two aspects into consideration. These rights should be constitutionalized or legislated to achieve concretization and legalization, which would definitely benefit Hakka ethnic group, helping them effectively solve such problems confronting them as the disappearance of the Hakka language, the preservation of Hakka culture, and the issue of ethnic identity.

並列關鍵字

ethnic group ； minority ； Taiwan Hakka ethnic group ； cultural rights ； collective rights ； human rights protection ； multiculturalism

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