家庭主婦的生活滿意--以生命歷程理論剖析

Life Satisfaction of Housewives-A life Course Theory Approach

曾慶玲(Ching-Ling Tseng)

指導教授 ： 周麗端博士

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/人類發展與家庭學系/博士(2006年)

摘要

家庭主婦常是被學術討論或是政策制定上忽略的一群人，但已婚女性中家庭主婦卻佔半數左右，她們的聲音應該被聽見。過去多數家庭主婦研究並未採取明確理論取向，有明確理論取向的則較多採用女性主義取向，女性主義取向多關注家庭主婦的依賴與限制，較少考慮家庭主婦的自主性。而生命歷程理論關注社會歷史脈絡對人類生活的影響，也強調在社會歷史脈絡下個人自主行動力的展現。因此本研究採用生命歷程理論探討家庭主婦的生活滿意，以期更深入了解家庭主婦的生活概況。
本研究採用質量混合方法，量化研究部分採用次級資料分析，有效樣本共418人，以結構方程模式建立家庭主婦生活滿意模式。質性研究部分則結合生命史訪談與生命圖表，採立意取樣從量化樣本中選取研究參與者共7人，每位研究參與者訪談2次，並全程錄音轉譯成逐字稿再進行分析。
整合量化與質性資料，本研究發現如下：
一、家庭主婦的生活軌跡與轉折：
從生命圖表發現結婚造成多數人生活滿意的轉折，且生活滿意都是往下降的，由此可見，結婚是家庭主婦生活滿意軌跡轉折的重要事件。除了結婚之外，尚有生活的連結面向因素的影響，使家庭主婦生活滿意下降。而讓家庭主婦生活滿意提升的因素，則是自主行動力的展現。
二、影響家庭主婦生活滿意因素，依生命歷程理論原則整理如下：
1.時機面向：研究發現成為主婦的時機對家庭主婦的生活滿意有負向的影響、結婚與生育時機對家庭主婦的生活滿意則有正向的影響。
2.生活的連結面向：研究發現家庭主婦的家庭社經地位、知覺家人對主婦評價、知覺社會對主婦評價、家人關係、配偶支持對家庭主婦生活滿意有正向的影響。
3.歷史的時間與空間面向：研究發現原生家庭社經地位愈高、成長年代社會價值觀愈現代，家庭主婦的生活滿意愈高。
4.自主行動力面向：研究發現自願選擇成為主婦、正向的自我概念、積極的角色調適，家庭主婦的生活滿意愈高。
量化模式中，「自我概念」、「選擇成為主婦行動力」、「家庭社經」、「社會對主婦評價」、「家人關係」可以有效解釋家庭主婦的生活滿意達39%；其中生活的連結和自主行動力面向對生活滿意的解釋力較大，而角色調適對生活滿意的影響則未獲支持。時機、歷史的時間與空間面向則是透過自主行動力對生活滿意有間接的影響。質性資料也發現自主行動力對家庭主婦生活滿意的影響，同時也發現生活的連結面向與自主行動力面向間的交互影響。因此整體看來，可以發現自主行動力對家庭主婦生活滿意的重要影響力。
最後依據研究結果，分別對家庭主婦、學校、家庭教育及其他推廣機構、社會大眾及政府、未來研究提出建議。

關鍵字

生命歷程理論 ； 家庭主婦 ； 生活滿意 ； 自主行動力 ； 質量混合方法

並列摘要

Housewives are usually a group of persons that are neglected in academic studies and when policies are made. Since housewives account for approximately half of married women, their voices should be heard. Most of the studies on housewives in the past were usually feminism-oriented. The feminism-oriented studies focused more on the reliance and restriction of housewives, but less on the independence of housewives. The life course theory pays close attention to the impact on life by the social and historical contexts, and emphasizes the performance of personal self agency under the social and historical contexts. Thus, in this study, the life course theory is used to investigate the satisfaction of housewives in the hope of achieving a profound understanding of the aspects of the housewife’s life.
In this study, the mixed methods approach is used. For the quantitative information, the secondary data analysis is used. The effective sample size of 418 persons in total is used for constructing the model of the housewife’s life satisfaction by using structural equation modeling (SEM). For the qualitative information, the combination of life history interview and life chart is used and the judgment sampling is used for the selection of 7 participants from 418 persons. Each participant was interviewed 2 times in the study, and the whole process was recorded and transcribed into a transcription for further analysis.
Combining the quantitative and qualitative data in this study, the following results were discovered:
I. The transition of housewife's life trajectory:
From the life chart, it shows that marriage causes the transition of the satisfaction of life for most of the people and the satisfaction of life drops all the same. Hence, it can be shown that marriage is the important transition event for the housewife’s life satisfaction trajectory. Besides marriage, there are influences coming from the factors of linked lives principle that reduce the housewife’s life satisfaction. While the factor that increase the housewife’s life satisfaction is the performance of independent agency.
II. The factors that influence the housewife's life satisfaction are organized and listed as follows, according to the principle of the life course theory:
1. The principle of timing: It is discovered that the timing of becoming a housewife has a negative effect on the housewife’s life satisfaction, while the timing of getting married and the timing of giving birth have positive effects on the housewife’s life satisfaction.
2. The principle of linked lives: it is discovered that the housewife's family social economic status, the consciousness of the evaluation to housewives by the family, the consciousness of the evaluation to housewives by society, the family relations and the support from the spouse have positive effects on the housewife’s life satisfaction.
3. The principle of historical time and place: It is discovered that if the social economic status of the family of origin is higher and the social value of the housewife’s grow-up age is more modern, then the housewife's life satisfaction is higher.
4. The principle of self agency: It is discovered that if the housewife voluntarily chooses to become a housewife, has positive self-concepts and has active role adjustment, then the housewife's life satisfaction is higher.
In the SEM model, “the self-concept”, “the agency of choosing to become a housewife”, “the family social economic status”, “the social evaluation of housewives” and “the family relations” can be used to explain the housewife’s life satisfaction with effectiveness up to 39%. Among them, the linked lives and the self agency principles give a more accurate explanation of the life satisfaction, while the role adjustment does not support the influences of the life satisfaction. The timing and the historical time and space principles have indirect influences on the life satisfaction through the self agency. In the qualitative data, it is also discovered that the self agency has influences on the housewife’s life satisfaction and has interactive influences with the linked lives principle. Hence, from the general viewpoint, it is discovered that the self agency has important influences on the housewife's life satisfaction.
Finally, according to the results of this study, suggestions are proposed for the housewives, schools, family education, other promotion organizations, the public and government, and the research studies in the future.

並列關鍵字

Life course theory ； housewife ； life satisfaction ； self agency ； mixed methods

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