現代漢語天氣詞"風"的譬喻用法研究:以語料庫為本

A Corpus-based Study of the Weather Term Feng 'Wind' in Mandarin

郭婉伶(Wanling Kuo)

指導教授 ： 林雪娥博士

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/碩士(2009年)

摘要

本論文旨在探討現代漢語天氣詞「風」的隱喻、轉喻和明喻之用法。本研究從中文詞彙特性素描系統(Chinese Word Sketch Engine)及線上搜尋引擎(Google)中，各收集了五百一十五筆語料庫語料及一百六十九筆部落格語料作為檢測譬喻用法的語料。
本研究發現在三個階段中:風起、風拂及風逝，風的許多特性都有延伸譬喻用法。在語料中沒有發現單純的隱喻，風的隱喻用法延伸自風的不同特性，因此都以轉喻為基礎，且占超過百分之五十的比例。語料庫中的譬喻用法多偏負面，而部落格中的譬喻用法則較為中立。明喻和隱喻形成方式為:風的特性或結構由來源域投射至不同的目標域，明喻的典型概念為「強度|快速」;隱喻典型概念為「風氣|風格|風潮」。風的轉喻用法多為以部分代全體和以原因代結果兩種，典型用法為「天氣」及「風景」。
本研究發現除了風的特性形成之隱喻是以轉喻為基礎之外，風本身形成之隱喻也與轉喻有融合之現象。隱喻與轉喻融合現象較Goossens (1990)多種，包括轉喻衍生成隱喻、隱喻包含轉喻及轉喻衍生隱喻再衍生成轉喻。本研究收集的語料中，隱喻與轉喻的融合、以轉喻為基礎的隱喻及轉喻的形成都與轉喻相關且出現頻率極高，由此顯示多數譬喻用法延伸自轉喻的基礎概念。此外，明喻和隱喻的不同點在於:明喻傳達的概念較接近風的自然特性，而隱喻傳達的概念則較為抽象，且在部落格語料中發現明喻似乎有引導創新隱喻用法的功能。
本研究也發現在約定俗成用法至新穎用法的連續構面中有不同程度的創新譬喻用法，包括成語譬喻字面意義化、目標域擴大、隱喻蘊涵及鮮少延伸的特性等。慣例性隱喻可由概念譬喻理論解釋其形成過程，而創新譬喻用法則可由空間融合理論清楚地分析，由此顯示此二理論在解釋譬喻用法上可為互補理論。

關鍵字

譬喻用法 ； 隱喻 轉喻 明喻 ； 天氣詞 ； 風 ； 概念譬喻理論 ； 空間融合理論 ； 漢語 ； 語用

並列摘要

The thesis aims to investigate how expressions of the weather term, feng, are used figuratively in Mandarin Chinese. Based on data-driven analysis, we attempt to examine the uses of simile, metonymy and metaphor of feng. The data sources include a corpus data from the Chinese Word Sketch and a blog data from Search Engine Google. In total, 515 tokens of figurative uses from the corpus data and 169 instances from the online blogs are found.
In the two data sources, many attributes of feng’s three different phases, including appearing, ongoing and disappearing, are extended to be used figuratively.
In the collected data, we do not find pure metaphors, but metaphors deriving from its attributes, leading to metonymy-based metaphor. These metaphors account for more than a half of occurring frequency, while simile and metonymy do not have absolute ranks in frequency. The value revealed in the corpus data tends to be more negative, while it has a strong tendency toward neutral value in the blog data.
Simile and metaphor are formed by the mapping from features or structures of feng in source domains onto different target domains. The typical concept conveyed by simile is INTENSITY/FASTNESS, while the typical intended meaning conveyed by metaphor is ATMOSPHERE/VOGUE/STYLE. In metonymy, PART-FOR-WHOLE metonymy and CAUSE-FOR-EFFECT metonymy are found. The typical concepts of metonymy are WEATHER and SCENERY.
The boundary between metaphor and metonymy of feng is not clear-cut. Interaction types are more than those proposed by Goossens (1990). Metaphor from Metonymy, Metonymy within Metaphor and Metonymy from Metaphor from Metonymy are identified. These interaction uses, together with metonymy and metaphor are all related to metonymy, which reveals that many concepts may be extended from a more basic level, that is, metonymy. Furthermore, the differences of simile and metaphor include abstractness and the intended meanings stated or not. In the blog data, simile is used as an introductory device to bring in the novel metaphor use.
The innovative figurative uses form a continuum between conventionality and creativity. These uses arise from the idiom-like expression used with literal interpretation, domain-mapping expansion, metaphorical entailments and features that are seldom highlighted. The conventional uses can be clearly explained by Conceptual Metaphor Theory, but the innovative ones are better accounted for by Blending Theory. It implies that the two theories may be complementary to explain both conventional and creative uses. It is hoped that through the observation of the two types of data, we can obtain a deeper understanding of how expressions of the weather term, feng, are used figuratively.

並列關鍵字

figurative use ； metaphor metonymy simile ； weather term ； wind ； Conceptual Metaphor Theory ； Blending Theory ； Mandarin ； pragmatics

參考文獻

Alverson, Hoyt. 1994. Semantics and Experience: Universal Metaphors of Time in English, Mandarin, Hindi, and Sesotho. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Aisenman, R. A. 1999. Structure-mapping and the simile-metaphor preference. Metaphor and Symbol 14.1: 45-51.

Barcelona, Antonio. 2001. On the systematic contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphors: case studies and proposed methodology. In Martin Pütz, Susanne Niemeier, René Dirven (eds.), Applied Cognitive Linguistics II: Language Pedagogy. Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, 117-146.

Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chiappe, Dan L. and John M. Kennedy. 2000. Are metaphors elliptical similes? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 29.4: 371-398.