華語情態詞「要」的多功能用法和學習者寫作偏誤：語料庫為本的研究

Multi-Functions of the Modal Expression YAO and Learners' Written Errors in Chinese: A Corpus-based Study

張群(Chun Chang) ； 黃裕洲(Yuzhou, Huang)

《應用語文學報》 7期 (2018/06) Pp. 19-34

https://doi.org/10.6906/JAL.201806_(7).0002

摘要

華語情態詞「要」具有一詞多義的特性。「要」的多義功能，如果單就表層語義的理解來使用，對外籍華語學習者而言學習難度較高，容易產生偏誤，因為需要顧及到句法及語用的層面（賴鵬，2006）。本文採用並討論呂叔湘（2015）關於情態詞「要」的五類語意功能分類：「欲求、義務、必然、即將、估計」。本文採用語料庫為本的研究方法（陳浩然，2017），以共時語法的角度，分析臺灣師範大學「華語學習者語料庫」（英語為母語的華語學習者，共593筆語料）中關於華語情態詞「要」的考試用書面語的使用情形。另外，本文也檢視臺灣華語中心教師最常使用的華語教材《新版實用視聽華語》對於情態詞「要」的語法解釋及教學順序，並提出教學建議。本文指出：第一點，「要」的語義使用頻率排序由高至低為：欲求＞義務＞即將＞必然＞估計。第二點，情態詞「要」的偏誤率約為10%，共有四種類型，偏誤頻率由高至低為：誤代＞錯序＞誤加＞遺漏。第三點，《新版實用視聽華語》對「要」的多義功能和搭配用法說明較為簡略，應該要加強這方面的語法說明。

關鍵字

情態詞 ； 「要」 ； 偏誤 ； 書面語 ； 華語 ； 語料庫

並列摘要

The modal expression YAO is a polysemous word in Chinese. The multi-grammatical functions of YAO is difficult to foreign Chinese learners since learners should take into consideration the syntax and pragmatic factors of YAO, not just the literal meaning (Lai, 2006). This paper adopts and discusses the five classifications of YAO, based on the study of Lu (2015): desire, obligation, necessity, future and estimate. The study explores the grammatical functions and learners' errors of modal expression YAO in Chinese, based on perspectives of Corpus-based Approach and Pedagogical Approach (Chen, 2017) .The data analyzed in this study include the written test data from the Learner Chinese Corpus (LCC) constructed by National Taiwan Normal University. There are 593 tokens of YAO of Chinese learners with English background. Also, we review the grammar and the teaching order of modal expression YAO in the Chinese textbook, Practical Audio-Visual Chinese, which is frequently used for teachers in Chinese Language Center of Taiwan. In this paper, we have the following significant findings and suggestions: First, the frequencies of using YAO from high to low are: desire＞obligation＞ necessity＞future＞estimate. Second, the percentage of four error types of YAO is around 10%. The percentage rankings of error type from high to low are: substitution error＞sequential error＞addition error＞omission error. Third, we suggest that the textbook-editing of Practical Audio-Visual Chinese should be more concerned about the grammar explanation and the collocation of YAO.

並列關鍵字

Modal Expression ； YAO ； Error ； written data ； Chinese ； Corpus