現代漢語「只」與日語相應形式對比分析與教學應用

A Contrastive Analysis of "zhi" in Mandarin Chinese and Its Counterparts in Japanese with Pedagogical Implications

江美儀

指導教授 ： 陳俊光

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與僑教學院/華語文教學研究所/碩士(2011年)

摘要

現代漢語「只」一般認為是具有限定功能的範圍副詞，本文根據Halliday (1985，1994，2004)的三大語言純理功能為主要架構，透過文獻與自行建置的漢日平行語料庫分析探討漢語「只」的核心語義、篇章功能乃至於語用功能，並且由語料庫分析了解對應於漢語「只」的日語相應形式。
根據Horn(1969)的語義蘊含概念與Levinson(1983)的語言梯級理論，筆者嘗試將「只」依其所限制的部分與被排除的部分之間的關係分成兩個義項：唯一義和上限義。前者表示限制的部分與被排除的部分並無序列大小關係，後者則具有序列關係。而將「只」的核心語義定為「在某一範圍中限制其中一個或一類，表示與其他的不同」。由此延伸至篇章層面，發現句中「只」常有與之相對的成分，因而產生具有對比意義的語義焦點。經由測試，證明「只」具有帶出對比焦點的特性。又因為「只」在複句中常與前句的情況相對的逆接關係，因此認為「只」在句與句間的銜接關係上具有轉折功能。進入語用層面，經初步分析，筆者認為「只」具有表現「不滿足預期」的語用功能。
接著，再藉由漢日對比語料庫分析，印證了筆者的研究預設，得到漢語「只」的日語相應形式以だけ(dake)、しか(shika)為主，而這一組日語詞彙為具有限定範圍的焦點助詞，在詞類及句法位置上與漢語「只」並不相同。但是在語義上與「只」相當，在篇章上也具有表現出對比焦點的功能。唯日語部分無法表現轉折功能。再者，だけ(dake)在語用上以表達客觀事實陳述為主；しか(shika)則有表示實際情況未達到說話者的期望，而產生「不滿足預期」的評價。因此語用層面上以しか(shika)與漢語「只」的功能更為接近。
最後筆者將對比分析的結果檢視相關華語教材，並提出適用於日籍學習者的例句及練習，以期應用於華語教學。

關鍵字

範圍副詞「只」 ； だけ(dake) ； しか(shika) ； 漢日對比

並列摘要

This study focuses on the adverb “zhi” in modern Mandarin and its counterparts in Japanese. Using Halliday’s metafunctions (1985，1994，2004) as framework, it aims to analyze the semantic, discourse and pragmatic functions of “zhi” and Japanese “dake”, “shika”, and “bakari”, based on the database collected from magazines and novels, which are written in Chinese and translated to Japanese.
First of all, according to Horn’s Implicature theory (1969) and Levinson’s “Linguistic Scale” (1983), the semantic function of “zhi” can be divided into two categories. In the first category, there is no scalar relationship between the limited and the excluded; in the second, sequential order matters. The semantic function of “zhi” can be defined as “limiting one item or category within a certain range and indicating its contrast to others.” Extending this to the discourse level, the semantic meaning of “zhi” produces a contrastive focus in sentences. Additionally, testing indicates that “zhi” is able to bring out contrastive focus. Furthermore, in complex sentences, “zhi” often functions as a disjunctive marker to indicate the contrast between clauses. Finally, in terms of pragmatic function, preliminary analysis indicates that “zhi” can be used to express that an expectation is not satisfied.
Next, through analysis of the database, we proved that “dake” and “shika” in Japanese correspond to “zhi” in Mandarin Chinese, not because of their sentential position, but because of their similar functions. Like “zhi” in Chinese, “dake” and “shika” are focus particles which indicate the contrastive focus in sentences. However, they cannot express the contrastive meaning in a complex sentence. The contrastive meaning relies on other contrastive conjunctions. Additionally, Japanese “shika” is closer to Chinese “zhi” on the pragmatic level than “dake” because they both can refer to the fact that the reality is not satisfied as the speaker expects.
Finally, based upon the result of the contrastive analysis, some suggestions about Chinese language pedagogy are provided to help Japanese learners learn “zhi” in Mandarin better.

並列關鍵字

Adverb “Zhi” ； Japanese“dake” ； Contrastive analysis

參考文獻

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