曾鞏序跋文研究

李昭英

指導教授 ： 王基倫

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/國文學系/碩士(2012年)

摘要

在中國文學史上，唐宋兩代是文學發展的重要時期。尤其是散文，內容充實，句式不拘，語言質樸。而在體制上有許多變化，終於形成了一種成熟。由唐代的韓愈、柳宗元的提唱以後，到了宋代，由歐陽脩、曾鞏、王安石與三蘇最後完成的，因此後人把他們稱為唐宋八大家。
曾鞏是唐宋八大家之一，他的成就受到當時很多人的重視，後世被推尊為明代的唐宋派、淸代的桐城派。可是今日對他的評價和從前不同，一般說他的思想固陋、缺乏現實性，儒家思想過分就平淡無味。因此研究曾鞏的成果不多，甚至許多近代著述很少或沒有提到曾鞏。其原因應該是世傳的曾鞏作品不多，而對他的認識不完全。
本論文要細究曾鞏所處的北宋當時被稱讚的他的文學成就，而選擇序跋文起因於曾鞏的序跋文得到最出色的評價，而且序跋文這種文體在宋代取得了明顯的發展。
曾鞏的序跋文寫作繼承韓愈、歐陽脩的「文道」系統，其思想基於六經和儒學思想，主張「文以明道」。在序跋文內容方面上，他突破固定格式，運用豐富的史學、文學知識來闡明自己的意見，其寫作藝術上，內容、結構、字句與風格方面都具有曾鞏獨特的藝術魅力。他的序跋文不但受到同時代人的稱讚，而且對後世有巨大的影響，尤其是清代，他成為桐城派的古文宗師。
本論文主要探討曾鞏的序跋文作品，全文分為七章：第一章論述研究目的、範圍與方法；第二章論述北宋時代背景、曾鞏交友情形與寫作淵源；第三章探討早期與唐宋時期的序跋文；第四章探討曾鞏序跋文的內容分析與思想表現；第五章探討曾鞏序跋文的寫作藝術；第六章探討曾鞏與同時期歐、蘇、王之比較；第七章探討曾鞏序跋文創作的成就、評價與影響；最後第八章結論。

關鍵字

曾鞏 ； 序跋 ； 北宋

並列摘要

In the history of Chinese literature, Tang and Song Dynasties are the great periods of literary development; especially, classical composition with its plenitude contents in non-rhymed style, and its simple language. Its literary style metamorphoses, and finally reaches a mature form. After a literary promotion by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan of Tang Dynsty, by Ouyang Xiu, Zeng Gong, Wang Anshi and Su family of Song Dynasty, a classical prose regains its own right. So, they are later called as Tang and Song Eight Great Writers.
Zeng Gong is one of the Tang and Song Eight Great Writers, his achievements are highly labeled by literati at that time, and entitled as Tang-Song group of Ming Dynasty and Tong-Cheng group of Qing Dynasty. But our current appraisal of his works is not the same as the past. Generally speaking, his thought is outdated, far fetch from pragmatism, and his Confucian thought is so excessive that his writings are insipid. For this reason, any research on him is rare to find, and he is not mentioned even in many modern contributions. It is probably because his works are handed down in a small amount. Thus, our recognitions on his works are limited.
My thesis aims to analyze in depth his literary achievements which are praised by his contemporaries in Northern Song period. My study focuses upon his way of writing prefaces and postscripts in his prose which are high-ranged in criticism. In addition, “the preface and the postscript” as a literary style shows its outstanding development in Song time.
Zeng Gong’s prefaces and postscripts are to succeed Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu’s epitomization of “Wendao”, his literary thoughts are grounded upon Chinese Classics and Confucianism, called as “wen yi ming dao”. He claimed that writing should be a way of pursuing true ‘Dao’ spirit and the two should strike a balance. The contents of his prefaces and postscripts, he tried to reject any stereotypes, and apply his competence in history, and literary ideas into his creative enterprise. His literary uniqueness is actualized through his prosaic technique, subject-matter, structure, wording, and stylization. His prefaces and postscripts are not merely appreciated by contemporary writers, and also have a great impact upon later literati, especially Qing Dynasty, he became a master of great learning and integrity of Tong-Cheng group.
This thesis consists of seven chapters: The first chapter is an introduction, objectives, scope and method. The second chapter discusses historical backgrounds, his associates and the source of his writings. The third chapter is a study of the charactcristics of the preface and the postscript on early stage and in transitional period between Tang and Song. The fourth chapter discusses the contents of Zeng Gong’s prefaces and postscripts, and analyzes his ideas on prefaces and postscripts. The fifth chapter discusses his compositional techniques on prefaces and postscripts. The sixth chapter makes a comparative study of his contemporary writers, such as Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Wang Anshi. The seventh chapter explores his literary achievements and influences. Moreover, this chapter still discusses later generation's comments on Zeng Gong’s prefaces and postscripts. The final chapter is a summary of this thesis.

並列關鍵字

Zeng Gong ； the preface and the postscript ； the Northern Song

參考文獻

褚斌杰：《中國古代文體學》，臺北：臺灣學生書局，1991年4月。

柯慶明：〈「序」「跋」作為文學類型之美感特質的研究〉，《鄭因百先生百歲冥誕國際學術研討會論文集》，2005年7月。

申夏：〈曾鞏的史學思想及其現代意義〉，《南方文物》第4期，2003年。

簡彥姈：〈曾鞏館閣期散文研究〉，臺北：中國文化大學中國文學研究所碩士論文，2005年。

一、專書