離散．回歸與邊緣化：辜鴻銘的尋根之旅

In Search of the Confucian Utopia: Ku Hung-ming’s Journey to Homeland

劉唐芬(Tang-fen Liu)

指導教授 ： 吳龍雲

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與僑教學院/華語文教學研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

本文試圖從一個離散的海外華人知識分子尋求原鄉認同的脈絡來探討辜鴻銘的理念和生命軌跡。辜鴻銘是十九世紀中葉出生於英屬海峽殖民地檳榔嶼的峇峇華人，一八八零年代回歸正處於巨變時代的中國，四十年的歲月當中，有二十餘年是任職於張之洞的幕府。他潛心英譯儒家經典同時投書英文報刊，成為當代獨一無二以道德宣教士姿態對西方世界發聲的中國人。辜鴻銘試圖扭轉西方人對中國人及中國文化因誤解而產生的歧視，並努力影響帝國主義侵略中國的作為。他結合了反現代化的浪漫主義思想與儒家的道德哲學，建構出儒教烏托邦的文化認同意識，一方面據以批判以資本主義力量為後盾的地殖民主義侵略者，另一方面則用來力抗中國的改革與革命者。辜鴻銘可謂是介於東方與西方之間的局外人，認同的焦慮如影隨形，他的偏執顯現在他為教案、庚子拳亂及慈禧太后所作的辯護，以及對君主專政的擁護和對憲政民主制度拒斥的言論之中。一次大戰後歐洲知識分子對西方文明的絕望感成就了辜鴻銘作為東方文化代言人的美譽，然而此時也因他是個主張綱常名教的前清遺老，在五四整體主義的反傳統主義的浪潮之下逐步被推擠到當代中國歷史舞台的邊緣，以至於他畢生所渴望結合東方和西方文化中最優質部份的理想終究未能為當代人所接受。

關鍵字

辜鴻銘 ； 峇峇華人 ； 海峽華人 ； 離散 ； 文化認同 ； 文化保守主義 ； 儒教 ； 浪漫主義 ； 烏托邦

並列摘要

This study explores Ku Hung-ming’s idea and life experiences in the context of diaspora Chinese intellectuals’ search for the identity of their homeland. Ku was born a Baba Chinese in mid-19th century Penang, Malaya, one of the Straits Settlements under British colonial rule. He had spent eleven years in Europe acquiring a thorough classic education and went to China in the 1880s, the beginning of a period of grand transformation. In the following forty years in China, Ku worked as a secretary of the powerful Viceroy Chang Chih-tung for more than 20 years. Immersed with translating Confucian Classics into English and contributing articles to English newspapers and journals, Ku distinguished himself and spoke like a preacher to the Westerners for the purpose of correcting their prejudices and misunderstandings against the Chinese and Chinese culture as well as influencing Western imperialist policies in China.
Ku constructed a cultural identity of Confucian utopianism with the ideas of romanticism and Confucian moral philosophy, on the basis of which he criticized imperialist invasions into China on the one hand and resisted Chinese reforming and revolutionary voices of Westernization on the other hand. In a sense, Kung acted as an outsider mediating between the East and West, who suffered from tremendous tensions resultant from his identity crisis. His partisan positions were clear not only in his defenses of the anti-missionary riots, the Boxing Uprising and the Empress Dowager but also in his support for monarchical absolutism and rebuke to constitutional democracy.
After the First World War, in the midst of European intellectuals’ disappointment at the Western culture, Ku Hung-ming became renowned as the spokesman for the culture of the East. At the same time, against the tide of the May Fourth anti-traditionalism, he was turned into a marginal man in China. His life goal of integrating the best of both Eastern and Western cultures, in the end, has never been accepted by the Chinese.

並列關鍵字

Ku Hung-ming ； Baba Chinese ； Straits Chinese ； diaspora ； cultural identity ； cultural conservatism ； Confucianism ； Romanticism ； utopia

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