ABSTRACT To investigate the population genetic structure and phylogeography of Pseudosasa usawai (Hayata) Makino & Nemoto in Taiwan, the intergenic spacers of chloroplast DNA (trnT-trnL and trnD-trnT) were sequenced. The results showed that, first of all, the trnD-trnT spacer examined accumulated little genetic variation (π=0.00019); whereas high genetic variation was detected in the trnT-trnL noncoding region(π=0.00366∼0.12619). Secondly, seed dispersal has little to do with the gene flow among the populations and subpopulations studied as shown in their high degree of population differentiation. And, thirdly, the phylogeographic pattern as shown in the reconstructed network suggested that the present populations of Pseudosasa usawai were expanded from an ancient population at the Shumeiping area during the glacial retreat period and then further migrated uphill as an isolated population as the global climate turned warmer.