二十世紀台灣中比例尺地形圖套疊之研究

A Study of Overlay Research for Medium Scale Topographic Maps of Taiwan in 20th Century

徐瑞萍(Hsu Juei-Ping)

指導教授 ： 吳信政

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/地理學系/碩士(2001年)

摘要

「如何準確的套疊各時期的地圖」，是區域地理變遷研究中亟待解決的問題，常用於GIS軟體中的Rubber-Sheeting，已證實無法正確套疊各時期的圖像資料，故本研究從GIS應用的概念出發，以MapInfo Professional為基準轉換的操作軟體，反覆嘗試錯誤找出各地形圖間相互套疊的轉換參數。
本研究以二十世紀以來，根據不同的測量基準編製而成的地圖作為研究對象，計有二萬分一台灣堡圖、二萬五千分一日治實測地形圖、L7001老五萬地形圖和五萬分一經建版地形圖四種，並以五萬分一中壢圖幅為實驗範圍，假設三角點和埤塘不變的前提以之為座標轉換的基準點，進行此次的地圖套疊研究。
首先，透過文獻蒐集找出各時期地形圖的編纂基準，配合修改MapInfo內Datum定義的方式，以老五萬地形圖為套疊基準圖，不斷試驗以找出台灣堡圖在台中到中壢地區的最佳套疊參數。其次，以楊名(1999)等，以全省47個一等三角點算出的轉換參數改寫成經建版地形圖的Datum，最後從內政部土地測量局取得各時期的測量三角點精確座標，透過七參數轉換程式換算出實測地形圖的轉換參數。
本研究主要的研究成果有三：(1)確定日治時期地形圖的編纂基準；(2) 提供台灣地區各地形圖的轉換參數；(3) 提供一套以基準轉換為基礎的地圖套疊方式。
透過嘗試錯誤法所找出來的轉換參數，適用於其他GIS軟體，各地形圖與L7001老五萬地形圖的套疊誤差皆在25公尺以下，若扣除數化誤差，則其座標轉換精度可達5公尺，證實此套座標轉換方式的可行性，值得作為台灣區域變遷研究的參考。
文後備有附錄，提供台南曾文溪口與台東成功海岸地帶的疊圖操作介紹，一方面驗證本研究所得之參數於其他區域的可用性，一方面也藉此讓讀者對此套地圖套疊模式有更完整的認識，期望這套地圖套疊方式可以採用，甚至能以此為基礎找出更簡便的疊圖方式。

關鍵字

地圖套疊 ； 多面體投影法 ； 基準轉換 ； 台灣堡圖

並列摘要

“How to exactly overlay each kinds of topographic maps in Taiwan” is an urgent research of feature changes regional geography. Usually, in GIS application, it has been proved that using Rubber-sheeting method cannot overlay each ground feature precisely. The effort of this research will based on the approach of GIS application, using MapInfo professional software as datum transformation tool, repeatedly “try and error” to find out the suitable parameters for each kinds of topographic maps.
Topographic maps of different stage finished upon different geodetic datum in 20th century is the target of this research, including 1/20,000 “Taiwan bau-tu”, 1/25,000 topographic maps finished under Japanese administration, L7001 series 1/50,000 topographic maps, and 1/50,000 “econo-develop edition” topographic quadrangles. Based on the fixed nature of control point and pool, choose the topo sheet of Chung-Li (9622-4, 1/50,000) as a sample area of this study.
Firstly, Confirmed the survey datum of topographic quadrangles of early edition by data collecting and found out the transfer parameters of “Taiwan bau-tu” by “try and error”. Secondly, rewrite the 7-parameters that calculated by Yang-Ming etc. (1999) for “econo-develop edition” in MapInfo. Thirdly, obtain accurate control points data from Land Survey Bureau of Ministry of the Interior, then, using 7-parameters transform program to calculate the datum of topographic quadrangles finished under Japanese administration.
There are three points in this research: (1) Confirmed the Datum of topographic maps of early edition. (2) Find out the parameters of transformation for topographic maps of different periods. (3) Provide a series of ways to overlay maps derived from datum transformation.
The result of transformation revealed that the RMS error of most part of control points could be transformed to under 25 meters. If move out the error of digitization, the accuracy would improve to 5 meters RMS error. And such Datum that find out by MapInfo also suitable for other GIS software. It has been proved that using this method to find out parameters could make topographic maps of different datum be overlaid precisely. It’s worthy to adopt the method of this research in regional change study.
Appendix includes test areas on Tzeng-wen estuary and coastline of Cheng-gung town, proved that this method of overlay is practicable on other areas, and demonstrated the operational guideline for datum transformation. The result of this study is expected to be useful for users and to become a basic method for further application.

並列關鍵字

Maps Overlay ； Polyhedral Projection ； Datum Transformation ； Taiwan bau-tu