中國木構建築與卯榫傢俱之歷史演變脈絡探討

法國詩人雨果：建築是「用石頭寫成的史書」，歌德：建築是「凝固的音樂」。西方人對建築的態度是永恆的「工藝品」。中國建築學者梁思成，在《中國建築史》一書中：金石書畫，素得士大夫重視愛護，各朝代對他們的愛護欣賞，並不在於文章詩詞之下，實為吾國文化精神悠久不斷原因，獨是建築，完全在匠師之手，藝術表現不自覺的，師承或演變之結果。中國營造學社成立後，梁思成開始在這個木構建築領域中，做深入的田野調查工作，為中國古建築學術研究工作之肇始。中國木構建築與傢俱，歷史演變，命運多舛，幾經峰迴路轉而新生，本文研究動機：在尋找建築與傢俱歷史變遷的生命軌跡脈動。從千年前西域月氏、吐蕃、回鶻等人，將宗教信仰、藝術文化，從犍陀羅、龜茲等途徑，經由河西走廊傳入中土，西來的藝術文化與傳統漢文化碰撞融合，東西方的藝術文化一同走進歷史的大融爐之中，為中原的漢文化建築藝術生命注入新血而展開新生，淬鍊出中國木構建築與傢俱獨特的藝術文化血脈。本文研究流程：實際的古都田野調查、專家探索性訪談、深入木構建築與傢俱於歷史的演變脈絡關聯研究、比較分析建築與傢俱形制、繪製傢俱卯榫基本分類與工法、發想創作設計出具體的作品，微型建築---藝術傢俱。建築是社會文化現象的綜合體，木構建築與傢俱在歷史演變脈絡：相互依存，互為表裡。《詩經小雅斯干》經中：「如鳥斯革，如翬斯飛」。形容木構建築宮殿的動態與靜態之美，建築之飛簷、舉折，如鳥之振翼、將飛之飛。在《含元殿賦》中形容：「聳大廈之奇傑，勢將頓而複飛」。因此本創作作品發想概念緣起，以中國木構建築藝術精神概念，斗拱卯榫構件、舉折飛簷為媒材，將古建築藝術內涵精神濃縮，承木構的技巧設計運用於本作品創作，傳達出對世間現象觀察的省思，隱喻世事如白雲倉狗、無常詭譎的變動現象，呈現出動中平衡之藝術創作實際成果。

關鍵字

中國營造學社；犍陀羅藝術；古建築

並列摘要

Architecture is described as “a history book written with stones” by French poet Hugo, and as “frozen music” by Goethe. For western scholars, architecture is an eternal “art craft”. As Chinese architecture scholar Liang Sicheng wrote in his book “A History of Chinese Architecture”, scholar-officials of all dynasties treasured epigraphy, calligraphy and painting to the same extent as they did toward essays and poems, which attributed to long-standing Chinese cultural spirit. The unique feature of architecture is that it is entirely created by the craftsman, and thus its artistic expression unconsciously reflected the succession of teachings from a master or the evolution. After the Institute for Research in Chinese Architecture (IRCA) was established, Liang Sicheng started to make in-depth fieldwork into the wooden architecture area, which is the beginning of academic researches on Chinese ancient architecture. Chinese wooden architecture and furniture came to its revival after suffering so many adversities throughout his evolution history. The research purpose of this thesis is to seek the life pulse of architecture and furniture in its historic evolution. A millennium ago, Yuezhi, Tubo(Tibetan Empire), Uygur and other ethnic groups in Western Regions introduced their religions and art cultures into central mainland through countries like Gandhara and Kucha via Hexi Corridor. The western art cultures collided and fused with traditional Han cultures, with both melted in the oven of history, which injected new blood into the architecture art of Han culture in central mainland, contributed to its revival and quenched into the unique art culture of Chinese wooden architecture and furniture. The research process of this thesis is: field survey in ancient capitals, explorative interview on experts, in-depth study on the correlation between the historic evolution sequence of the wooden architecture and that of furniture, comparative analysis of the shape and structure of architecture and that of furniture, draw the basic categorization and construction method of furniture mortise and tenon, innovative design of actual works, miniature architecture-artistic furniture. Architecture is a synthesis of social and cultural phenomena. The historic evolution sequence of wooden architecture and that of furniture have an interdependency and interaction relationship. In Chapter Sigan under Section of Minor odes of the kingdom in the Book of Songs, the poet used expression “ like the light and graceful bird wings” to describe the dynamic and static beauty of the wooden structure palace as the cornice and sloping roof are like the fluttering wings of the birds. In Ode to Hanyuan Temple, it described the wooden architecture as “the exquisite masterpiece of mansions with the flying vigor”. Therefore, the creation concept of this art work is originated from the artistic spirit of Chinese wooden structure. It used the bracket system, mortise and tenon components as well as the cornice and sloping roof as the medium, integrated the artistic connotation and spirit of ancient architecture and adopted the design techniques of bearers in its creation. This art work intends to convey the reflections after the observation on the phenomena in the world, with the metaphor that affairs of human life often change with impermanency and treacherousness, just like white clouds changing into grey dogs. It is an artistic creation that displays a balance in the dynamism.