以AHP及DEMATEL方法探討歐美日汽車廠商遴選扣件供應商之關鍵因素

台灣是世界的扣件王國，2014年外銷之扣件高達美金42.5億元，排名世界第三僅次於德國與中國，台灣也是目前歐洲、美國、日本等先進國家汽車OEM扣件大廠國際採購的重鎮。台灣扣件製造商超過2,000家。台灣雖然只是個小島，但要在2,000多家的茫茫廠商大海中尋找優良之代工OEM廠商，成為這些汽車OEM扣件大廠頭痛的問題。本研究有三個目的，第一、探討汽車OEM扣件供應商之評估要素以及其權重，並發展汽車OEM扣件應商評選之模型與方法。第二、探討扣件供應商如想成為汽車OEM扣件合格廠商，就評估要素而言，公司資源投入及改善的優先次序。第三、探討歐、美、日三大車系對供應商評估看法之差異以及扣件廠商想成為三大車系供應商，公司資源投入改善之優先次序。本研究透過供應商遴選的相關文獻探討，使用層級分析法(AHP)與決策實驗室分析法(DEMATEL)，並訪談美國車系、歐洲車系、及日本車系等汽車扣件Tier-1扣件大廠12位高級主管，歸納出汽車扣件OEM廠的遴選模式。包含成本(Cost)、品質(Quality)、供貨(Delivery)、技術(Technology)、服務(Service)、商譽(Reputation)等六大構面與18個關鍵因素。本研究依以上兩種方法，求出全球及三大車系六大構面及18個評估因素之權重，同時也透過因果圖求出18個關鍵因子之相互關係。本研究發現，『品質』在汽車扣件廠商評估中最重要，然而就供應商而言，要成為優良汽車扣件供應商，卻必須先從『服務』與『商譽』進行改善。本研究之實務貢獻在為汽車OEM扣件採購者提供一套多準則決策之供應商評估辦法以及供應商如何優先投入資源內部改善使之可以成為合格供應商之參考。本研究之學術貢獻在補充有關汽車扣件與三大車系對汽車扣件供應商評估研究之缺口。最後，本研究之限制在於問卷題項過多，可能造成填答者因疲憊造成答案之偏差，後序研究者應考量如何精簡題項及答題方式。

關鍵字

供應商選擇；層級分析法；實驗室分析法

並列摘要

Taiwan is the king of Fasteners in the world. The total exported value was USD 4.25 billion in 2014. It was the top three after Germany and China . Taiwan is the important area for Europe, America, and Japan automotive OEM fasteners companiess to have the IPO (International Procurement Office). However, there are more than 2,000 of fasteners manufacturers in Taiwan. It was very difficult for the IPOs to find good fit suppliers due to too many suppliers in Taiwan. There are three purposes in this paper: First, this paper aims to determine the dimensions and key factors for the automotive fasteners supplier selection. Second, the priorities for the fasteners companies to put resource for improvement if they want to become an automotive OEM fasteners suppliers evaluated by those key factors. Third, to analysis the differences of first and second points for the world SC(Supply Chain) with Europeean, American and Japan of the three main SCs. We reviewed many papers related to supplier selection, used the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) methods. We surveyed 12 experts of high level managers whose companies are the Tier-1 fasteners to European, American and Japan car companies. The result come out the model for OEM fasteners supplier selection. There are six dimensions(Cost, Quality, Delivery, Technology, Service & Reputation) and 18 key factors under it. The results came out the weighs of the 18 kay factors for the world SC and the three main SCs. We also got the correlation for the 18 key factors via the causal diagram. We found that “Quality” is the most important dimension for the automotive fasteners supplier selection. But supplier needs to put company resource for the improvement start from “Service” and “Reputation” before evaluated as a good supplier. The Practocal Implication for this study is expected to provide a MCDM(Muliple Criteria Decision Making) method for supplier evaluation and the priorities of company resource for improvement for the suppliers in the automotive OEM fasteners industry. The Academic Contribution for this paper is to enhance the lack of the study for automotive fasteners supplier evaluation and also the study for the differences among the three main SCs. Finally, the Research Limitation for this paper was too many questions in the survey form. The interviewees may too tired to answer such many questions. The follow up researcher need to simplify the questionares and the way of anwering questions to avoid deviation.