公立博物館文化近用的展現-國立國父紀念館生活美學班案例研究

隨著全球化在政治、經濟、文化及教育等環境變遷，「文化立國」一直是當前國家競爭力的重要指標，而文化生活是人民的基本權利，為順應多元化社會與族群發展，政府各機關文化部會無不竭盡心力推動並保障人民平等的文化參與及文化近用權，故以善用博物館多元化社會教育功能，積極推動藝文研習活動。文化平權在博物館的實踐，可分為友善平權與文化近用兩個層面，文化近用則是希望透過貼心的設計與服務，讓一般人更容易親近博物館。期能將文化藉由博物館實踐中諸多的具體活動，根植於普羅大眾，在藝術文化的場域中落實機會平等、充分參與的理念。本研究是以綜覽博物館的社會教育功能與發展為開端，其次，對於新博物館學發展進行闡述。接著，為配合文化部政策推動文化平權服務有關的計畫及文化近用權的重要論述，與博物館落實情形的發展現況作探討；最後，透過分析該館的優勢、劣勢、機會與威脅，並以量化問卷統計、質性半結構式訪談的方式，進行國立國父紀念館生活美學班的案例研究。而各項研究成果與建議，係依據次級文獻、深度訪談、量化統計及筆者作為現場觀察相關資料之彙整，最後綜合整理的敘述呈現。針對公立博物館辦理研習班的文化參與活動中，新博物館時代須進一步思考，如何將文化平權政策中的文化近用落實在成人教育的研習課程規劃。檢視機關定位特色及掌握目標族群的文化參與需求，以彌平文化近用及參與落差。本研究彙整結論如下：一、博物館正是高齡者社會參與的重要場域，社會教育更具重要性。透過辦理多元藝文課程除滿足成人學習的需求外，更提供高齡者參與藝文的平台。二、積極推廣活動，開展多元詮釋藝文環境。以活化博物館經營為主軸，建構多元發展，營造該館特色及價值。三、營造友善環境，充實文化設施及研究。加強各項設施改善無障礙環境，提供更完善的學習環境；修正並簡化相關程序，促進報名服務的可近性。四、開設專案性或特色研習課程，開發多元友善使用管道。讓各群體都有機會及意願參與博物館活動、運用博物館資源；納入該館文創商品規劃與周邊結合，朝向文創設計、藝術培育，創造生活美學及科技化數位發展。五、整合社會學習資源，開創全民學習新文化。因應多元社會發展，建議提供減免學費優惠外，提供保障名額，將新移民或弱勢族群納入學習機會。六、增進員工友善服務的專業訓練。以熱忱、同理心及專業對待所有師生，設置通暢的意見交流管道，接受有助於文化近用及友善平權的建議，並具體回應及改善。

關鍵字

文化近用；終身學習；博物館學；生活美學班；國立國父紀念館

並列摘要

With the development of globalization in political, economy, cultural and education, “culture oriented nation-building” has always been an important indicator of national competitiveness. Also, “Cultural life” is a fundamental right of people. To adapt to a multicultural society, the Ministry of Culture of government agencies make effort to protect people’s equal cultural participation and cultural accessibility rights, such as making best use of museum's social educational functions and actively promoting art-learning activities. Cultural equality practices in the museum can be divided into two dimensions : friendly equality and cultural accessibility. Through specific activities in the museum, culture will be rooted in the general public. Besides, the concept of equal opportunity and full participation will be implemented in the field of art and culture. This study begins with an overview of the museum's social educational functions and developments. Secondly, demonstrating the development of the new museology. Then, in order to cooperate with the policy which promote the cultural equality program and cultural accessibility, this paper will discuss the current development situation of museums. The method of the study is analyzing the museum's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Furthermore, using questionnaire survey and semi-structured deep-interview to collect data. Finally, according to secondary literature, in-depth interviews, quantitative statistics and author’s observation, this study will discuss a case study of “Life Aesthetics Class” at National Dr. Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall. For the cultural participation activities of learning workshops in public museums, the era of new museums should think further about how to implement cultural accessibility of the cultural equality policy in the curriculum planning of adult education. Moreover, examining the characteristics positioning of museums and grasping the cultural participation needs of target ethnic group , in order to reduce the gap of the cultural accessibility and the cultural participation. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. For the elderly, museums are significant areas to do social participation. Offering multiple arts and cultural courses are not only meeting adult learning needs, but also providing a platform of arts participation for the elderly. 2. Actively promoting activities and developing the arts and culture environment of multi-interpretation. To activate operation of museums as the main axis, constructing the diversity development and creating the characteristics or value of the museum. 3. Developing friendly environment, enriching cultural facilities and cultural studies. Improving a barrier free environment, providing a comfortable environment, and simplifying procedures so that more people will register for lessons. 4. Offering featured courses and developing diverse and friendly use channels. Each group has opportunities to participate in museum activities and use museum resources. Also, combining the museum’s cultural and creative products with surrounding commercial center which towards cultural and creative design, art education, life aesthetics and digital development of technology. 5. Integrating social learning resources and creating a new culture that whole people learn. In order to cope with the development of a pluralistic society, it is recommended to provide fee remission and offer reserved seats for new immigrants and other underprivileged groups. 6. Enhancing professional training on friendly services of employees. Treating teachers and students with enthusiasm, empathy, and professionalism, setting up a clear channel for exchanging opinions, accepting suggestions that are helpful to cultural accessibility, friendly equality, responding specifically and improving.