民國早期小學商務版與開明版國語教科書的內容分析（1912-1937）

本研究旨在探究民國元年至民國26年抗戰爆發前小學國語教科書內容選材的變化，及於期間所頒布的課程標準或課程綱要對小學國語教科書的影響，進而瞭解民初編撰教科書的發展概況，以利剖析早期小學國語教科書內容之演變。為了探究國語教科書的內容發展，而其是根據課程標準擬定，故有必要先瞭解這段時期學制的變革、小學國語課程的設置及國語教學目標的擬定。之後，再選取民國早期兩套較具代表性《商務國語教科書》(6年版)及《開明國語課本》(21年班)，分析其教科書內文書寫與教材內容，以呈現早期國語教科書的內容特色與變遷。透過本研究可發現民初國語教科書的發展有以下特徵：一、內文書寫上，文體以記敘文為主、課文由文言文轉向白話文、修辭格是以「類疊」出現比率高。二、教材內容上，兩版本皆是智育類高於德育類。在智育方面，兩版雖都以生活常識類知識為主，但在其他次面向商務版較偏重於歷史常識類，而開明版則是偏於自然常識類；在德育方面，兩版都以「傳統道德」面向居多，但整體上商務版出現的比重與次數，遠高於開明版。最後，根據研究發現提出啟示與後續研究建議，以供國語教科書編輯人員及未來研究者參考。

關鍵字

內容分析；初級小學；民國早期；國語教科書

並列摘要

This aim of this thesis is to explore the Chinese textbooks for primary schools, the influence of the curriculum standards or guidelines on Chinese textbooks for the primary schools in this period, and the development of the Chinese textbooks in the early years of Republic of China (1912-1937). The change of curriculum policy and the educational system were analyzed. Furthermore, the curriculum standards and the teaching objectives of Chinese for primary school were discussed. Finally, the writing and content of the Commercial Press Mandarin Textbook (1917 version) and the Textbook of Kai Ming Mandarin (1932 version) were analyzed and compared. The main findings of this study are as follows: i. Content writing: the major type of writing style was narration, and the language of the textbook was turned from classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, and the highest rate of figures of speech was repetition. ii. Textbook content: in generally, both versions highly focused on the domain of intellectual education. As to the sub-domain, both were focus on the sub-domain of knowledge of life. The Commercial Press version emphasized on historical knowledge, but Kai Ming one focused on that of natural knowledge. As for the domain of moral education, both versions focused on the domain of traditional morality, but the proportion and frequency of The Commercial Press version was much higher than those of Kai Ming one. Finally, some recommendations for further study were made for the Chinese textbook editors,and researchers.