普遍性與否定性之間：嚴復與章太炎的國家論述

嚴復和章太炎同為晚清時期著名思想家，在變革劇烈的中國轉型期，他們對中國未來有著不同的想像。本文則以二人的國家論述為個案，說明其思想意義。在思想定位上，則分別以「普遍性」與「否定性」界定嚴復與章太炎，在面對全球背景與新的秩序架構，他們是如何因應此變化，而這與他們的思想傾向又有何關聯。論文迴繞著三個問題，在「何謂國家」中，探討嚴復、章太炎是如何理解國家此一政治組織，而國家和人民間的關係為何；在「如何塑造國家認同」，則說明嚴復和章太炎二人對政治共同體的認同為何，而與他們選擇國家建立的方式間的關聯；在「國家論述的知識基礎」，則分析前兩個問題所勾畫出的政治藍圖，說明他們各將他們國家論述，奠基於何樣的知識基礎上。最後，則藉由這三個問題，說明嚴復與章太炎國家論述之異同。

關鍵字

嚴復；章太炎；普遍性；否定性；國家論述

並列摘要

Yan Fu and Zhang Taiyan are famous intellectuals in late imperial China. During that dramatic transition, they imagine China's future differently. In this thesis, I will discuss their discourse of nation-state and explain its ideological significance. I will also try to discuss their political thoughts separately in terms of universality and negativity and how they respond to the new global condition and reshape their ideas. My discussions surround three questions. In the section "What is Nation-State?" I will explore how Yan Fu and Zhang Taiyan understand nation-state as a political regime and the relationship between nation-state and people. The section "Towards the Shaping of National Identity" explains how Yan Fu and Zhang Taiyan perceive political community and how such a perception affects their option for the establishment of nation-state. In "Epistemology of Nation-state Discourse," I will illustrate the knowledge base of their discourse on nation-state, with the view of the political blueprints drawn from the above two questions. Finally, through a combined analysis of these questions, the similarities and differences between Yan Fu and Zhang Taiyan will surface.