長崎唐人屋敷的土神堂─自長崎土地公廟看在日本中國民間信仰建築的發展

「土神堂」是位於日本長崎的土地公廟；華人聚落中土地信仰與土地開墾、發展的關係相當密切，土地公被認為是保護村落與居民的神祇，其廟宇多座落在村落之中為居民生活的一部份，富有濃厚地域性的土地公廟也出現於日本。由於江戶幕府採取鎖國政策，長崎成為日本唯一的對中國、荷蘭的港口，並限制來航華人與荷蘭人僅能在規範的區域內活動，這些規範的區域為出島蘭館與唐人屋敷。居住於唐人屋敷中福建人於1691年向長崎政府請求建造土地公廟，土地公廟成為唐人屋敷中最初的信仰建築，並且持續保存至今。不同於觀音堂、天后堂，土地公、土地公廟與聚落之間具有緊密的關聯性，因此依據長崎土地公廟的持續存在，得知即便明治以後唐人屋敷的限制被取消，長崎的華人仍需要土地公廟。為此本研究著眼日本長崎唐人屋敷的土地公廟的發展意義；從江戶時期的繪卷與屏風可以看到雖然土地公廟屬於中國民間信仰建築，外觀上似乎組合日本建築的要素；依據史料，得知於330年間歷經多次重修；此外根據江戶時期的史料也可發現日本人對土地公廟不只有一種稱呼方式。本研究中以文字史料為基礎、從繪畫資料得知的建築外觀分析；接著分析代表土地公廟的各種名稱，從中看土地公廟如何在日本長崎發展。現今在長崎被稱作土神堂的土地公廟，幾乎已經認不出來是華人民間信仰的土地公廟。本研究認為土地公最初由中國人帶來長崎；由唐通事創造出日本人也能理解的「土神」一詞；而後長崎政府從日本文化理解土地公廟並進行多次重建。這樣的過程中展現長崎的土地公廟一方面作為華人在日本根基的信仰建築，有效的維持華人的信仰；一方面其外觀與名稱更是如實表現出此為日本特有的土地公廟。

關鍵字

土神堂；土地公；唐人屋敷；長崎；日本建築；福建

並列摘要

The Hall of the Village Deity called Dojin dou (土神堂), in Nagasaki Japan is a Chinese temple. This kind of temple is commonly seen everywhere in Taiwan and Mainland China. The Village Deity has been considered to protect village and inhabitants. For Taiwanese and Chinese people, it is part of life. However, Japan also has temple of the village deity. In Japan, it is called the Hall of the Village Deity, Dojin dou (土神堂). Chinese people at the Nagasaki Chinese Quarter constructed the Hall of the Village Deity in 1689. It had been reconstructed many times in 330years. It still preserved to the present. In order to find out the ideals of the Chinese people and the Japanese people lived in Nagasaki in the transformation of the Hall, we have to consider different buildings stemming from different periods. The variety versions show a development of the Hall of the Village Deity in Nagasaki. According to images of scrolls in the Edo period (1603-1867), the appearance of the Hall of Village Deity was characterized traditional Chinese form. However, the Hall today can be found Japanese characteristics. In order to get clear the development of the variety versions of the Hall of the Village Deity, it must be considered against background of Chinese people in the Nagasaki Chinese Quarter. In addition, relationship between the Hall and the Japanese Government should also be considered. The Hall of Village Deity plays an important role in cultural exchange and new synthesis of architecture between Chinese and Japanese in Nagasaki. The aim of this master’s thesis is examining the Hall of Village Deity’s line of transformation with historical background. It will retrace different stages from the original hall of Edo period up to the existing hall to analyze characteristics in different historical and cultural context. To Japanese Government, finally they rebuild a religious building is Japanese hall of the Village Deity not Chinese temple of Village Deity in Japan.