幼兒氣質、父母教養觀與幼兒利社會行為的探討-以澳門為例

本研究旨在瞭解幼兒氣質、父母教養觀和幼兒利社會行為的現況,並檢測前兩者與後者的關聯,也探討年齡、性別和家庭社經與三者的差異。本研究以 664 位小班和大班的幼兒為研究對象,幼兒來自澳門地區六所幼兒園。再以幼兒氣質量表、家長教養觀與育兒價值感量表以及幼兒利社會行為教師評定量表為工具。透過 SPSS23.0 對回收資料進行處理,描述性統計、獨立樣本 t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關及階層迴歸的分析結果顯示: 一、澳門幼兒的氣質反應強度偏大,反應閾偏低。活動量、規律性和適應性表現則為中等偏高、情緒本質屬中等偏負向、堅持性和分神度中等偏低、趨避性屬中等偏趨性。二、澳門家長教養的傳統觀念正處於新舊交替,育兒價值感則屬較高滿足。三、澳門幼兒的利社會行為表現情況,出現頻率由高至低分別是,合作行為、分享行為、幫助行為和關心行為。四、澳門幼兒男生活動量和反應閾比女生高、適應性和堅持性比女生低。大班幼兒比小班幼兒分神度低。高社經地位的幼兒堅持性較低社經幼兒高,分神度則較中社經的幼兒低。利社會行為方面,女生在分享行為、幫助行為、關心行為和合作行為都顯著比男生高。大班幼兒的分享行為、幫助行為、關心行為和合作行為都顯著比小班高。低社經幼兒的分享行為、幫助行為和關心行為皆顯著比中社經幼兒表現好,分享行為和合作行為則顯著比高社經幼兒表現好。五、澳門幼兒氣質對幼兒利社會行為有顯著預測性,幼兒的適應性愈高,愈會表現出較多的分享行為。適應性愈高和趨避性愈偏趨的幼兒,會表現出愈多幫助行為和關心行為。而適應性愈高、情緒本質愈負向和活動量愈低的幼兒,則會出現較多合作行為。

關鍵字

幼兒；氣質；父母教養觀；利社會行為；澳門

並列摘要

The purposes of this study were to understand the current status of preschoolers’ temperaments, the parenting belief and prosocial behavior, and to examine the relations between three of variables, also to examine the relations among of gender, age and socioeconomic status with three variables. Targeting preschooler studied at K1 (age 3) and K3 (age 5). There were 664 subjects from six preschools of Macau. Instruments used in this research include “Young Children Temperament Scale”, “The Value of Parenting and Rearing Scale, and “The Scale of Preschoolers’ Prosocial Behavior by Teachers”. The main findings were listed as follows: 1. Macau of preschoolers’ activity level, rhythmicity and adaptability are moderate to high, quality of mood is moderate to negative, persistence and distractibility are moderate to low, approach/withdrawal is moderate to withdrawal. Specially, intensity of reaction is high, and threshold of responsiveness is low. 2. Macau traditional parenting concepts are below the middle level and changing from old to new. The values of parenting are biased high level. 3. Cooperating is the best in the prosocial behavior of Macau preschoolers’. Sharing is second and follow by helping, and lastly by caring. 4. Boys’ activity level and threshold of responsiveness are higher than girls’, boys’ adaptability and persistence are lower than girls’. K3 preschoolers’ distractibility is lower than K1s’. The group from high SES’s persistence is higher than low SES’s, the distractibility is lower than middle group. Girls’ sharing, helping, caring and cooperating are better than boys’. K3 preschoolers’ sharing, helping, caring and cooperating are better than K1s’. The group from low SES’s sharing is better than middle and high SES’s. The low SES group’s sharing, helping and caring are better than middle group’s, the sharing and cooperating is better than the high group. 5. Preschoolers’ temperaments can forecast whose prosocial behavior. The higher adaptability of preschoolers who would have more sharing. The higher adaptability and approach of preschoolers who would have more helping and caring. The preschooler who has higher adaptability, positive mode, and higher activity level would have more cooperating.