不同認知模式訓練對高齡者工作記憶之影響-以桌上遊戲為例

高齡者進入老化後認知功能會開始衰退，尤其以記憶和工作記憶之能力會急速下降。臺灣於2018年進入高齡社會，要如何維持高齡者認知功能的運作，甚至改善認知功能之衰退成為重大議題。本研究欲探討桌上遊戲作為工作記憶訓練的介入，對於工作記憶簡單及複雜廣度作業之表現，以及不同認知模式的訓練，對工作記憶作業之影響。計畫經篩選後有41位高齡者以團體分派至實驗二組及控制組，實驗其中一組以直覺反應類型桌上遊戲為介入，共16人；另一組以理性分析類型桌上遊戲進行介入，共15人。而控制組亦招募10人，僅以維持其原本生活型態為主。所有成員將於介入前後接受認知測驗，包括數字順背廣度、數字逆背廣度、N項作業任務與數值史楚普作業。測驗後資料以重複測量變異數分析進行檢定，以瞭解實驗組二組與控制組之差異，比較不同認知訓練模式之效果。研究結果顯示，高齡者在接受直覺反應桌上遊戲的訓練後，後測表現有顯著進步。直覺反應組在工作記憶簡單即複雜廣度作業的表現較理性思考佳，而理性思考組可能因年紀顯著大於直覺反應組，由於老化帶來之影響而無法彰顯成效。

關鍵字

工作記憶；認知續線理論；直覺反應類桌遊；理性思考類桌遊；認知訓練

並列摘要

As the older adults enter ageing, cognitive function will begin to decline rapidly, especially in the memory and working memory. In 2018, Taiwan has entered an aged society, how to maintain or even improve the cognitive function of the older adults has become an important issue. This study applied board games as cognitive training model to improve the working memory for the older adults. After sieving there are 41 older adults. The groups divided into two experimental groups and a control group. One experimental group was composed of sixteen older adults and was trained by the intuitive board games. Another experimental group was composed of fifteen older adults and was trained by the rational board games. Ten older adults were recruited by the control group and receipted no any further intervention but maintaining their original lifestyle. All members received cognitive tests before and after intervention, including digits forward span, digits backward span, N-back task, and numerical stroop task. Using the repeated measure ANOVA to analyze data and compare the different after the intervention. The results reveal the group trained by the intuitive board games is significantly improved after the intervention. However, the group trained by the rational board games doesn't improve significantly as much as the group trained by the intuitive board games. Because the age in rational training group is significantly older than intuitive training group. The effect of aging may decline the improvement.

並列關鍵字

working memory ； cognitive continuum theory ； intuitive board games ； rational board games ； cognitive training

參考文獻

Kramer, A. F., & Erickson, K. I. (2007). Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 342-348. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009

Gathecole, S. E.、李玉琇、王馨敏 (2011)。工作記憶在教室中的應用。應用心理研究，52，37-55。