全球化影響下城市文化遺產的轉型－以清邁為例

本文的研究對象為泰國城市－清邁，除了探討泰國的現代化，還有當今的全球化發展對清邁蘭納文化產生的威脅，以及面對危機的清邁文化遺產如何進行轉型。清邁曾是蘭納王國首都，曾經歷緬甸統治時期、暹羅附庸國時期再到真正成為泰國的領土，其歷史背景造就蘭納文化的特殊性。本研究透過至清邁大學交換的時間一方面進行田野調查，實地走訪當地，獲得第一手的資料；一方面以官方網站內容、文宣品等進行文本分析。本研究發現，泰國現代化改革以來所建構出的泰國性對於清邁原有的文化帶來了侵略性影響，同時全球化下商業發展對清邁文化遺產保存的亦有威脅，加上年輕世代大量接收外國文化，對於在地文化陌生，種種壓力讓清邁文化遺產有著轉型的必要性。保護清邁文化遺產並推動轉型的力量主要來自三方面，一是聯合國教科文組織對於文化遺產保存的約束力；二是泰國政府推動清邁文化遺產的創意發展；三是在地藝術家、學者、知識份子的民間力量使文化遺產得以永續發展。有了世界性組織的約束規範、政府部門的資源加上民間組織的力量，才能讓清邁的文化遺產得以被保存下來並順利進行轉型。

關鍵字

清邁；文化遺產；轉型；城市發展；蘭納文化；創意城市

並列摘要

This research focuses on Chiang Mai, Thailand. It discusses how the Lan Na culture in Chiang Mai witnessed the threats brought by the modernization of Thailand, along with globalization and how the cultural heritages of Chiang Mai transform to face the crisis. Chiang Mai was once the capital of Lan Na Kingdom, experienced Burmese occupation, Siamese vassal, and eventually became part of the territory of Thailand. Part of the methodology of this research was conducted by field work, in-depth interview and document analysis during the exchange period at Chiang Mai University. This study found that Thainess since the modernization reform in Thailand has had an aggressive impact on Chiang Mai’s local culture. At the same time, commercial development under globalization has challenged the preservation of Chiang Mai’s cultural heritage. Accompanied by the young generation’s growing interest in foreign cultures more than their own culture. These pressures contribute to the transformation of Chiang Mai's cultural heritage. The forces to protect Chiang Mai’s cultural heritage and promote transformation mainly come from three aspects. One is UNESCO’s binding force on cultural heritage preservation. The second is the creative and design development of Chiang Mai’s cultural heritage promoted by Thai government. The final one is folk power of local artists, scholars, and intellectuals enables the sustainable development of cultural heritage. This study believes that the cultural heritage of Chiang Mai can be preserved and undergo transformation successfully by cooperating with world organizations, government departments and civil organizations.