「體位向上」：殖民地臺灣 (1937-1945) 銃後的身體治理與實踐

本文聚焦日治晚期 (1937-1945) 當局對戰場後方國民強調「體位向上 (たいいこうじょう) 」的歷史現象，目的在於探究殖民地臺灣的體育、運動與身體活動形式，也援引傅柯 (Michel Foucault, 1926-1984) 對系譜學 (genealogy) 和治理術 (governmentality) 的洞見，分析當時的身體治理與實踐。結果發現，當局緊隨日本內地的身體治理，包含知識的建構、活動的安排、身體的檢查與管理等，促使公共衛生的知識與技術迅速滲透至殖民地臺灣。並且，競技運動在中日戰爭開打的初期仍然受到鼓勵，卻從不僅止於休閒娛樂和自我實現，轉而增加體操、步行與 (廣義) 武道的身體活動，以及具實用性質的國防體育、奉公勞動和增產作業之競技。然而，無論是否認同「健康、勞動、奉公」為一種理想的生活形式，臺灣人對官方所安排的身體治理也不完全照單全收。「帝國之夢」對所有人而言意義不盡相同，這不僅左右著時人的身體實踐，也是未來研究值得關注之處。

關鍵字

系譜學；治理術；體育；運動；中日戰爭

並列摘要

This study focuses on the historical phenomenon that authorities repeatedly emphasized that nationals practiced “physique improvement (Taii-Koujou)” in late Japanese colonial Taiwan (1937-1945). Its purposes are to explore the forms of physical education, sport and physical activities, as well as to analyze the body practice and governance during that period. The perspective of genealogy and governmentality from Michel Foucault (1926-1984) is applied in this paper. The result shows that Japan led the authoritative body governance included the construction of knowledge, disposition of activity, examination and management of bodies, speedily promoting public hygiene knowledge and technology to permeate through the Colonial Taiwan. In the early stage of Sino-Japanese war, competitive sports for entertainment and self-actualization were still encouraged. Then, authorities increased the physical activities such as gymnastics, walk/hike, (generalized) martial arts, and practical national defense sports, mandatory and production increased works. However, whether the Taiwanese identified with the ideal lifestyle which consisted of “health, labor, and public duty” or not, they did not entirely accept the body governance arranged by the colonial official. The meaning of “the dream of empire” was different to everyone, it not only influenced physical practice of contemporary, but also deserved the future research areas of concern.