國立西南聯合大學辦學研究

現有的西南聯大研究較偏重制度精神或課程教學等層面，而較忽略學校教育與當時宏觀整體環境的互動關係對人才培養的可能影響。本研究旨在擴大既往研究的視域局限，不僅關注西南聯大內部的組織、制度與運作、課程教學、師生理念等層面對於人才培育的可能影響，還探索聯大當時所處雲南的地理位置與政治經濟環境、高教制度與政策及與三校聯合之前的歷史淵源等背景，以為中國大陸當前培育拔尖人才及建設雙一流大學建設提供某種啟示。經研究發現，西南聯大之所以能培育許多傑出人才，與其所堅守的學術自由、教授治校、通才教育和學生自治等理念密切相關，而其所處雲南的地理位置及政治與經濟環境，與傑出人才培育的關係也不宜忽視。國破家亡的悲慘情境和學校辦學條件的極端簡陋，並沒有使聯大多數師生消極悲觀，反倒激發出他們的學習與愛國熱情。其歷經數度遷徙，其中「湘黔滇旅行團」及其他旅途的艱辛經歷，不僅錘煉了一部分師生堅強意志、團隊意識以及拼搏的精神，也為其在昆明的學術研究提供了豐富的第一手資料。聯大在實踐這些理念或精神的過程中，嘗試維持剛性制度與柔性管理、自由精神與嚴格要求上的平衡。儘管聯大三校在聯合辦學的過程中，師生間也存在著不協和矛盾，但基於相忍為國、「和而不同」，「同無妨異，異不害同」態度，適度緩解了彼此的矛盾與衝突，為傑出人才培育提供了穩定安全的土壤，有利育成優良種子。而這些發現，對今日中國大陸欲培養頂尖創新型人才時，在大學制度與環境的規劃上有所啟示。

關鍵字

西南聯大；大學精神；抗戰時期；高等教育；戰時教育

並列摘要

The previous studies about the Southwest Associated University has more emphasized its system spirit or curriculum and instruction, but ignored the influence of the interaction between university and its external environment on cultivating talents. The aim of this study is to explore the key elements for cultivating talents, such as its organization, system and operation, curriculum and instruction, faculty and students’ ideas. Besides, it also enquires the geographic, political and economic situations of Yunnan, higher education system and policies, and the historical origin of each university before its formation. At last, it will provide some implications for the cultivation of top talents and the construction of double-class universities in China. It is found that the reason why the Southwest Associated University cultivated many outstanding talents was closely related to the ideas of academic freedom, faculty autonomy, general education and student autonomy, but its special political and economic situations cannot be underestimated. Facing country’s crisis and the worst living and studying conditions, most of teachers and students were not pessimistic, but their enthusiasm for study and patriotism were inspired. And the experiences of several migration, especially Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan tour group, not only strengthened some teachers and students struggle will and esprit de corps, but also provided rich first-hand sources for further study. In the process of practicing these ideas or spirits, the Southwest Associated University tried to kept the balance of rigid regultions and flexible management, freedom and strict requirements. Although there existed some contradictions and conflicts among members of three universities, because they all took the ideas of ‘tolerance for national interests’, and ‘agree with disagree’, reduced those problems, which were good for cultivating talents. And its experiences have some implications to plan the university system and the environment for cultivating top innovative talents in China in the future.