「反共大業」：由《天讎》看翻譯運作

(Re)making of “The Making of a Red Guard”

林俊宏(Lin Chun-hung Oscar)

指導教授 ： 賴慈芸

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/翻譯研究所/博士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/DIS.NTNU.GTI.001.2019.A07

摘要

本論文為一項台灣翻譯史的個案研究。透過回溯從 The Revenge of Heaven 到《天讎》的成書及翻譯歷史，將這項個案放回原先的歷史脈絡，討論這兩本書籍的社會成因。藉由討論《天讎》這一部曾為當年熱銷作品、但在台灣文學史上幾乎不可能提及的作品，期盼能將某些過去曾經發生、但未成為史實的事實也提升至史實的地位，讓我們回顧過去的觀點更為完整。
講述文化大革命當中個人經歷的 The Revenge of Heaven 一書，是透過紐約布魯克林學院心理學倫敦教授（Ivan D. London）主持的研究計劃，由倫敦夫人（Miriam London）執筆，將凌耿（假名，真名郭坤仁）所提供的中文底稿經李大陵翻譯，並參酌透過劉昆生、吳炳鍾等人協助的訪談口譯內容，於1972年在紐約由G.P Putnam’s Sons出版，是一部具備學術嚴謹研究方法的大眾讀物，希望讓讀者瞭解郭坤仁眼中看到的文化大革命歷史真相。然而因為當時美國的政治局勢已經不再強調反共，讓這部著作的傳播及影響遠低於倫敦夫婦預期。
但與此同時，台灣經過1950年代的反共文學、1960年代的現代文學時期，雖然仍在戒嚴時期而有反共需求，但作家的重點並不在此主題；而面對1970年保釣、1971年退出聯合國、1972年《上海公報》及台日斷交，反共題材有其市場、也有其政治需求。於是，曾創辦《婦女雜誌》、《綜合月刊》的張任飛策劃，交給已有合作經驗、也與倫敦教授熟識的丁廣馨、劉昆生兩人於加州翻譯，特地以香港為名目上的發行地點，希望擴大影響力。其中以丁廣馨為實際譯者，劉昆生從旁提供輔助，翻譯原則大致上就是依據原文信實翻譯，以準確、表達清楚易懂為重點，並由曾擔任郭坤仁底稿英譯的李大陵再次確認。這樣產出的中譯本《天讎》，經過張任飛對國民黨政府警總及文工會的兩面操作，於1972年8月初版，11月再版並開始在台銷售，在未確實獲准出版的狀況下熱賣據稱達六萬本，也曾由蔣經國多次推薦。然而，由於書中對共產黨的敘述為研究訪談所得的實際情形，並不如過去國民黨所敘述的那麼負面，讓國民黨擔心情況失控，而禁止再於台灣發行《天讎》。在不同的情境下，原文與譯文雖然內容上幾乎沒有不同，但有了完全不同的結果。

關鍵字

《天讎》 ； 紅衛兵 ； 文化大革命 ； 台灣翻譯史 ； 凌耿 ； 郭坤仁 ； 艾文．倫敦 ； 米麗安．倫敦 ； 李大陵 ； 丁廣馨 ； 劉昆生 ； 張任飛 ； 史實

並列摘要

Taiwan in the 20th century has had a very unique and complex translation history fraught with political hazards and constraints. The research presented here is an investigation of a particular translation event using the case study method. By shedding light on the process behind the writing of The Revenge of Heaven and its subsequent rewriting into the Chinese-language Tien Chou, this study aims to place the source and target texts into their original historical context, and reveal the social causes influencing these two works. Though Tien Chou has been mostly neglected by Taiwan’s literary historians, it is hoped that overlooked historical facts newly uncovered by this study can contribute to a more comprehensive view of the past.
The Revenge of Heaven by Ken Ling came out of a research plan directed by Prof. Ivan D. London from the Institute of Political Psychology at Brooklyn College. Ken Ling is the pseudonym used for Kenneth Kun-jen Kuo, a Red Guard during China’s Cultural Revolution whose descriptions about that experience were translated into English by Prof. Ta-ling Lee. These manuscripts, along with Kuo’s interviews interpreted by John Wu and Karl Kun-seng Liu, became the basis on which Mrs. Miriam London compiled the English work, The Revenge of Heaven, published in 1972 by G.P Putnam’s Sons in New York. Based on a foundation of solid research and methodology, The Revenge of Heaven aimed to provide an accurate and reliable description of the Cultural Revolution as observed and experienced by Kenneth Kuo. Another aim of this work was to educate readers on the nature of communism through a first-hand account. However, by the time of publication, anti-communism in the U.S. had lost much of its mainstream political appeal and book sales came in well below the Londons’ expectations.
During this time Taiwan was in turmoil owing to the 1970 commencement of Defend the Diaoyu Islands movement, the 1971 withdrawal from the United Nations, and the 1972 Shanghai Communiqué. As a result, anti-communism once again became a topic of interest in the nation’s market and politics despite having been overtaken by modernism in the 1960s. Upon knowing of The Revenge of Heaven, Jen-fei Chang, the founder of The Woman magazine and Scooper Monthly, obtained the book rights for Taiwan and asked Phyllis T. Liu and Karl Liu to be its translators. Phyllis Liu had worked as a part-time translator for Chang, and both Phyllis Liu and Karl Liu knew Prof. London personally. Phyllis Liu served as hands-on translator, while Karl Liu helped in terms of trouble-shooting difficulties regarding literal comprehension and background knowledge. The only instruction they received and the only principle they observed for the translation of this book was to render a fluent but faithfully accurate version of the original. Prior to publication their translation was fact-checked and polished by Ta-ling Lee. The completed target text was finally published in August of 1972, missing a planned simultaneous launch with the American text earlier in the year, and in November came out with a second printing.
As a marketing ploy Hong Kong was the site of publication for Tien Chou so as to make it appear as though the book was free of political interference. And Chang played KMT authorities by reporting only partial truths to the Cultural Work Committee and the Taiwan Garrison Command Headquarters in order to get around being censored. Tien Chou’s alleged record-breaking sales of 60,000 books evidenced the success of Chang’s efforts, but as the KMT came to realize that the book’s descriptions of Cultural Revolution excesses were less despicable than those of KMT propaganda, party authorities put the brakes on further printings after only four months of publishing. Although content-wise The Revenge of Heaven and Tien Chou are essentially the same book, their positions in separate political discourses resulted in two very different outcomes.

並列關鍵字

The Revenge of Heaven ； Tien Chou ； Red Guard ； Cultural Revolution ； translation history in Taiwan ； Ken Ling ； Kenneth Kun-jen Kuo ； Ivan D. London ； Miriam London ； Ta-ling Lee ； Phyllis T. Liu ； Karl Kun-seng Liu ； Jen-fei Chang

參考文獻

Ivan D. London papers, Box 1, 3, 4, 9, 65-68, 71-75, 82, 83, 90, Hoover Institution Archives.

Association, Free China Relief. "Former Red Guard Marries." FCRA News Letter 7, no. 2 (1978).

Chesterman, Andrew. "Name and Nature of Translator Studies." Hermes no. 42 (2009): 13-22.

Even-Zohar, Itamar. "Polysystem Theory (Revised)." In Papers in Culture Research (Temporary Electronic Book). Tel Aviv: Porter Chair of Semiotics, 2005.

———. "The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem." In The Translation Studies Reader, edited by Lawrence Venuti, 199-204. New York: Routledge, 1978/2000.