返離之間：石黑一雄《群山淡景》的創傷閱讀

Between Return and Departure: Reading Trauma in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills

何惠琳(Hui-lin Ho)

指導教授 ： 蘇榕

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202205271

摘要

本論文旨在探討石黑一雄《群山淡景》中的第一人稱敘述者悅子（Etusko）如何以追憶分身的方式處理失去女兒慶子（Keiko）的創傷。本論文深受沈偉赳（Sim Wai-chew）以及派翠（Mike Petry）所提及的悅子與幸子互為分身的概念啟發，並試圖進一步勾勒出分身與創傷之間密不可分的連結。小說以敘述者悅子敘事觀點為主軸，由悅子追憶昔日長崎的故友幸子（Sachiko）與悅子敘述在英國的情境兩者形成回憶與現況雙層敘述的架構。巧合的是，當悅子追憶昔日故友幸子與真理子（Mariko）之間的母女關係時，故友母女似乎與悅子慶子母女的過往經驗有所重疊。為了進一步檢視小說裡回憶與現況中他人與自己的母女關係的重覆交錯，本論文援引創傷理論深入剖析看似各自獨立的兩段母女關係，並試圖證實兩者之重覆交錯實為敘述者悅子因受創傷之反覆回訪與離去之影響，因而橫越回憶與現況的時空分界進而重現自己難以承受的創傷。
本論文分為五個章節。第一章回顧石黑一雄作品、作品評論與訪談，並從中探究第一人稱的瑕疵記憶如何直接抑或間接呈現出創傷與分身的概念。論文第二章試圖援引卡露思（Cathy Caruth）創傷的回訪與離去為理論架構理解《群山淡景》中悅子失去女兒慶子的創傷。同時，本章亦審視范德寇克（van der Kolk）與范德哈特（van der Hart）提出的見解：創傷者易囿限創傷於過去的框架之中，並試圖在創傷與現在的自己之間劃定界線。以上述兩理論為主軸，本章旨在建構可理解小說中敘述者母親與亡者女兒之間的創傷連結之理論架構。第三章接續探究敘述者如何透過分身處理創傷的母女關係。細察悅子與幸子互為分身之際，我認為此分身不僅是兩者互為分身，更是敘述者悅子、回憶層次中在長崎的悅子、與幸子三者互為分身的三角關係。透過此三角分身，可窺見創傷敘述者從中重建毋受時空框架束縛的創傷記憶。承續第三章探究分身與創傷之連結後，第四章審視一名多次出現在回憶中身分未曉的女人。細讀小說中回憶層次裡的兩則溺斃的片段時，我發現此身分未曉之女人不僅指涉回憶層次中真理子反覆提及看見此女人的現象，同時反映現況層次中敘述者悅子掛念縈繞她夢中的身分未曉的小女孩。雖然真理子與悅子的掛念分別顯現於回憶與現況層次，兩個看似異質的掛念卻因平行出現在雙層敘述之中反倒顯露出母女連結創傷的一致性。最後，本論文歸結出經由分身重現創傷回憶，敘述者得以展現創傷者的能動性。因此，敘述者得以避免受已全然屏除創傷的現況框架所困，或僅僅沉溺於創傷框架之中。超脫創傷與現狀兩層框架之外，敘述者得以在創傷縈繞之際，仍可游移框架與框架之間、來去自如。如同無法受任一時空框架羈絆的創傷一般，敘述者得以跳脫被動地受創傷反覆地來訪又離去所困，進而確立創傷者面對創傷的能動性。

關鍵字

石黑一雄 ； 群山淡景 ； 創傷 ； 分身 ； 能動性

並列摘要

In Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills, I particularly focus on how trauma manifests itself in a cluster of parallels between the two traumatized mother-daughter relationships revealed in the novel. In this thesis, I hope to further investigate Wai-chew Sim’s and Mike Petry’s ideas of doppelgänger in the Etsuko-Sachiko parallel and then illustrate a significant relation between trauma and doppelgänger. The story is a two-layer story, and it consists of the inner and the outer layers. The inner layer contains Etsuko’s memory of Sachiko in Nagasaki; in the outer she is in Britain and narrates the memory. Coincidentally, the mother-daughter relationship between Etsuko and Keiko and that between Sachiko and Mariko remain parallel. On the basis of trauma, I analyze the parallels between the two ostensibly different mother-daughter relationships and find that the parallels suggest the traumatized narrator’s boundary-crossing re-creation of her unbearable experience, which demonstrates the disruptive power of the repetitious return and departure of trauma.

My thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, I provide an overview of how first-person narratives present flawed memories, which evoke a sense of trauma. In Chapter Two, I choose Cathy Caruth’s concept of the repetitious return and departure of trauma as well as van der Kolk and van der Hart’s viewpoint of the division between the realm of trauma and the realm of the current normal state as the methodology, through which I could structure my study of the traumatized mother-daughter relationship between the narrator and the deceased Keiko. In Chapter Three, I try to explore how the narrator approaches the traumatized mother-daughter relationship by means of the configuration of doppelgänger. In this doppelgänger triangle, we can see how the traumatized narrator’s re-creation of her traumatic memory cannot be temporally and spatially shackled. Then, Chapter Four focuses on the discussion of the unnamed woman. After exploring the two drowning scenes, I find that the unnamed woman may implicate that Mariko’s obsession with this woman surreptitiously runs parallel to Etsuko the narrator’s obsession with an unnamed little girl in her dream. Mariko’s obsession with the woman is situated in Etsuko the narrator’s memory of Sachiko, and Etsuko the narrator’s obsession with the little girl is placed in the present. However, the boundary-crossing parallel between the two somehow makes the two obsessions porous and illuminates a certain homogeneous nature of the two traumatized mother-daughter relationships in the seemingly heterogeneous two obsessions. Finally, I conclude that by means of one’s boundary-crossing re-creation in the face of trauma, the traumatized narrator may show a gesture of a traumatized person’s agency. With this agency, the traumatized narrator prevents herself from being wholly engulfed by either the realm of trauma or the realm of the current normal state, and then keeps oscillating, wandering among different porous frameworks and finally survive.

並列關鍵字

Kazuo Ishiguro ； A Pale View of Hills ； trauma ； doppelgänger ； agency

參考文獻

Alter, Robert. “Playing host to the Doppelgänger.” Times Literary Supplement 24 (1985): 1190.

Bataille, Georges. “Concerning the Accounts Given by the Residents of Hiroshima.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 221-35.

Brown, Laura S. “Not Outside the Range.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 100-12.

Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Caruth, Cathy, ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.