《寓山注》注──祁彪佳寓園之景觀建構與居遊體驗研究

明朝崇禎八年（西元1635年），時年三十四歲的晚明文人祁彪佳（西元1602-1645年）稱病辭官，回到風景秀麗的故鄉山陰（今浙江紹興）構築寓山園林。在造園過程中，他逐漸建立自己的園林美學系統，不但親自籌畫設計、命名題景，更自著《寓山注》四十九篇短文，為寓山四十九景做「注」。每篇短文後皆附有親友詩作，作者共計一百二十七人，詩作總和為二百八十二首。《寓山注》藉由文字書寫突破園林的有限性，召喚不同時空的讀者來到寓山，文中除了交代命名原因，更蘊含祁彪佳對園林美學、仕隱抉擇的思考，以及他對自我生命與親人情感的省察，可說是晚明園林文學中成就最高的代表作，亦是了解寓山園林的第一手資料；不論從園林建築的物質層面，或從居遊體驗的人文層面切入，都有值得探究之處，可視為晚明文人自建園林的典型。本文擬先探討前人具代表性的園林詩文圖繪，再從「山石地勢」、「水流引蓄」、「植栽園藝」和「建築設計」四大園林要素切入，分析祁彪佳寓山園林的景觀建構與美學實踐，進而探討祁彪佳在園林中的居遊體驗與人文意涵。

關鍵字

祁彪佳；《寓山注》；寓園；園林文學

並列摘要

In 1635 (the 8th year of Emperor Chong-zhen's reign of Ming Dynasty), Chi Piaochia, a late Ming literatus aged 34, resigned from his government post for health reasons and returned to his picturesque birthplace Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) to build Yushan Garden. He gradually developed his own Chinese garden aesthetic philosophy over the course of his effort. He not only planned, designed, named, and inscribed in verse for scenes and spots in the garden on his own, but also "annotated" the 49 scenes of Yushan Garden. Each one of the short annotation essay is accompanied by poems by his friends and relatives. There are a total of 127 contributing authors, and the total number of poems is 282. The writing of Annotations of Yushan Garden breaks away from physical constraints of the garden and calls out to a readership of different time and space to visit Yushan. These essays explain the reasons of the naming of the scenes and also imply his aesthetic philosophy of Chinese garden and his reasoning about his withdrawal from a political life. He also expressed his reflections on his own life and his connections with family. Annotations of Yushan Garden can be said to be the the most accomplished writing in late Ming dynasty in the genre of Chinese garden literature. This collection also provides first-hand information about Yushan Garden, covering the physical descriptions of the garden as well the humanistic aspects of leisure experience. These insights are worthy of further exploration and offer a classic example of Chinese gardens built by literati of late Ming dynasty. This paper intends to look into iconic garden poems and illustrations and then analyzes the landscape construction and aesthetic expression of Yushan Garden for the leisure experience and humanistic symbolism from the following main features of a Chinese garden-- mountain rocks and terrain, running water and pool, planting and horticulture, and architecture.