華語為母語之前中後期移民者於英語及華語的母音表現

隨著全球化的演變，針對移民者及雙語現象的研究越來越多。其中語言學的關鍵期假說及母語與外語的干涉仍然是充滿爭議的研究議題。欲實驗關鍵期假說與外語的干涉的研究議題，本研究由兩大部分組成：英語母音及華語母音之研究，並且由三十位來自北加州的華語為母語之前中後期移民者來擔任受試者。試驗性研究的研究目標就是比較移民英語系國家的早和晚，是否影響英文母語及中文母音的發音表現。由於受試者由男和女而組成，本實驗藉由巴克值轉換公式 (Traunmüller, 1990) 讓男女受試者的元音標準化，另外再藉由多邊形面積公式計算出前中後期移民者母音口腔面積的差異。本實驗結果顯示，前中後期移民者在英語母音圖和母音口腔面積上有明顯的差異，中文母音圖和母音口腔面積上則無明顯差異。早期移民者於英語有明顯梯形母音圖，並且於母音口腔面積有隨著前中後期移民者而由大變小的趨勢，表示早期移民者的英語母音的發音表現較接近英語母語者且相較於中期及後期的移民者有較大的母音口腔面積，暗示著不同年齡於學習第二語言的表現上確實有明顯不同。而身為中文母語者，前中後期移民者於中文母音圖的表現無明顯不同，且皆為明顯梯形母音圖，暗示著學習第二語言的早晚並不影響第一語言的表現。最後，本實驗發現英語及中文的口腔母音面積有呈現反比現象，暗示著第二語言及第一語言有互相牽制的情形。

關鍵字

華語為母語英語學習者；早期移民者；晚期移民者；第二語言學習者；母音聲學空間；巴克值；母音圖

並列摘要

With globalization, studies of immigration and bilingualism increase. The question of the critical period and L1-L2 influences in second language acquisition remain disputed. This is an age-related study for testing the effects of age of arrival when Taiwanese immigrants living in a predominantly English-speaking environment. The study compares the English vowel productions within early, middle and late Mandarin-speaking immigrants of 30 participants from North California. We normalized formant structures of English and Mandarin vowels produced by both female and male Mandarin-speaking immigrants by using Bark scale (Traunmüller, 1990) so we can see the transition by early, middle, and late immigrants without gender issue. Surveyor’s Area Formula (Braden, 1986) was also applied in the study to calculate the area of the vowel space of English and Mandarin by early, middle and late Mandarin-speaking immigrants to see the difference between two languages. The results reveal that the early Mandarin-speaking immigrants demonstrated a clear trapezoid in their vowel chart, suggesting that their English vowel production should be more native-like than the rest. The surveyor’s area of English was bigger in the early Mandarin-speaking immigrants than in the middle and late Mandarin-speaking immigrants. As for the Mandarin vowel production, all of the three groups demonstrate no clear difference with clear trapezoid in their vowel chart, suggesting that the age of onset of learning L2 does not affect the performance of the L1. However, comparing the surveyor's area of English and Mandarin, we found an inverse relationship between the English and Mandarin vowel space area. This may imply that L1-L2 have somewhat interference in process of the language learning.

並列關鍵字

Mandarin-speaking immigrants ； early immigrants ； late immigrants ； second language learner ； vowel acoustic space ； Bark scale ； vowel chart

參考文獻

Aoyama, K., Flege, J., Guion, S., Akahane-Yamada, R., & Yamada, T. (2004). Perceived phonetic dissimilarity and L2 speech learning: the case of Japanese /r/ and English /l/ and /r/. Journal Of Phonetics, 32(2), 233-250. doi: 10.1016/s0095-4470(03)00036-6

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華語為母語之前中後期移民者於英語及華語的母音表現

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