柏林圍牆遺產再現與旅遊體驗：以東邊畫廊、查理檢查哨及柏林圍牆紀念館為例

Heritage Representation of Berlin Wall and Travel Experiences: East Side Gallery, Checkpoint Charlie and the Berlin Wall Memorial as study cases.

陳信愫(Chen Hsin-Su)

指導教授 ： 陳學毅

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與社會科學學院/歐洲文化與觀光研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101816

摘要

柏林圍牆（Berliner Mauer）作為冷戰建築物象徵，自1961年8月13日至1989年11月29日，整整二十八年間聳立於前東德首都東柏林，劃破了都市的心臟，分裂了城市的天空，迫使同一德意志民族必須生活於不同政體之下。柏林作為德國大都會，經歷二戰的轟炸粉碎及冷戰的分割撕裂，在極為殘酷的歷史背景下，不停找尋自身在世界的定位。
當歷史成為過去，遺留下來167.8公里的柏林圍牆，該何去何從？灰重的圍牆，背負著一代人在政治角力下的犧牲，對於自由的渴望及眾多因素，逼迫東德人民展開逃亡，幸運的人成功逃至西柏林，然而也有更多的生命在牆邊停止心跳，使得柏林圍牆成為「黑暗觀光」（dark tourism）脈絡下的遺產。
　　至此，圍牆成為城市裡不忍直視，卻清晰存在的傷痕。面對這樣的棘手遺產（difficult heritage），柏林如何去處理、運用不同形式詮釋與再現圍牆？從而傳達給世人圍牆背後所發生過的一切，將之從充滿傷痛的地點（site），轉化成為令人想一探究竟的景點（attraction）？此外，觀光客於黑暗觀光景點──柏林圍牆的旅遊體驗，亦是本研究著重的重點之一。
綜上，本研究聚焦於探討棘手遺產──柏林圍牆，以宏觀、微觀的歷史角度，從黑暗觀光、紀念／記憶空間、旅遊體驗等不同理論切入，揀選以不同面向呈現柏林圍牆之三類型景點，東邊畫廊（East Side Gallery）、查理檢查哨（Checkpoint Charlie）及柏林圍牆紀念館（Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer）作為研究個案。透過圍牆不同形式之呈現與詮釋，如何影響現代觀光客的旅遊體驗，以及如何具體化圍牆之記憶、意義與價值？透過梳理歷史文獻、網路資料、田野觀察筆記及深度訪談，輔以觀光客視角進行詳細論述分析，探討柏林圍牆三類型景點呈現、詮釋與旅遊體驗之關聯。

關鍵字

柏林圍牆 ； 黑暗觀光 ； 旅遊體驗 ； 東邊畫廊 ； 查理檢查哨 ； 柏林圍牆紀念館

並列摘要

The Berlin Wall, as a symbol for Cold War buildings, stood in the former East Germany capital, East Berlin, for 28 years from August 13, 1961, to November 29, 1989. It cut through the heart and split the skyline of the city, forcing the German people to live under different political systems. As the metropolis of Germany, Berlin has experienced the bombing and shattering of World War II and the division and tearing of the Cold War. Under this extremely cruel historical background, Berlin is constantly searching for its own position in the world.
After the German reunification, there was a question of what to do with the 167.8-kilometer Berlin Wall. The grey wall is burdened with the sacrifices of a generation under the political struggle. The desire for freedom among other factors forced many people to try to flee. The lucky ones managed to escape to West Berlin, but more lives were cut short at the wall. This background also makes the Berlin Wall a heritage under the context of "dark tourism".
　　So far, the wall has become a scar that one can't bear to look at directly but clearly exists. Faced with such a difficult heritage, how does Berlin deal with, interpret and represent the wall in different forms? So as to convey to the world what happened behind the wall, and transform it from a painful site into an attraction for tourism, commemoration, and education? In addition, the travel experience which the tourists had in the Berlin Wall attractions is also one of the focuses of this research.
In summary, this research focuses on exploring the dissonant heritage—the Berlin Wall, from a macro and micro-historical perspective, from the aspect of dark tourism, spaces for commemoration and memory, and travel experience theories, focusing on how Berlin concretizes the memory of the wall? For case analysis, East Side Gallery, Checkpoint Charlie, and the Berlin Wall Memorial（Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer）were selected to represent the three types of attractions of the Berlin Wall from different angles. Through the presentation and interpretation of different forms of the wall, how do they affect the travel experience of post-modern tourists and their perception of the meaning and value of it? By sorting out historical documents, internet sources, field observation notes, and in-depth interviews supplemented by detailed discussion and analysis from the perspective of tourists, it explores the relationship between the presentation, interpretation, and tourists' travel experience of the three attractions of the Berlin Wall.

並列關鍵字

Berlin Wall ； Dark Tourism ； Travel Experience ； East Side Gallery ； Checkpoint Charlie ； Berlin Wall Memorial

參考文獻

高俊雄（1993）。休閒參與體驗形成之分析。戶外遊憩研究，6（4），1-12。

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