探究墾丁國家公園解說員自然連結感與心理幸福感之關聯

近來，環境教育、生態心理學學者提倡修復人與自然的關係，期盼為當前世代對於自然的疏離與冷漠找到出路，喚醒人本能中的「親生命性」 (Biophilia) ，並關切當代環境變遷與生物多樣性流失的挑戰。在愈趨都市化、工業化與虛擬化的時代，公園成為人們接觸自然重要的場域，國際間也拋出「健康的公園，健康的人民」，呼籲應重新發現公園對於公眾健康潛在的價值。本研究著眼於上述兩點，期望透過調查研究在臺灣墾丁國家公園一群頻繁與自然接觸的解說志工、社區解說員們和自然互動與其心理健康之間的關係，摸索台灣的國家公園是否也有潛在健康促進的價值。研究目標包括調查解說員的自然連結感、心理幸福感與環境行動經驗；探索自然連結感分別與心理幸福感和環境行動經驗之間的關聯，並瞭解不同個人背景變項在自然連結感上的差異情形以及預測自然連結的潛在因子。本研究採用問卷調查法，在110年7月至9月間採用網路與紙本問卷並行方式對墾丁國家公園解說員進行調查。測量自然連結採用加拿大學者Nisbet所發展的自然關聯性量表 (Nature Relatedness Scale) ，從情意、認知、與經驗面多維度來衡量解說員們的自然連結概況 (Nisbet et al., 2009) 。測量幸福感則以學者Ryff (1989) 所發展的心理幸福感量表 (Psychological Well-being) ，欲瞭解解說員們如何看待自己的生命意義與目前生活上心理運作的積極程度。回收的樣本資料使用社會科學統計軟體SPSS 28.0進行分析，採用方法包括描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、變異數分析、相關分析與迴歸分析。研究結果顯示，墾丁國家公園解說員的心理幸福感與環境行動經驗皆屬中等偏上且皆與自然連結感具正向關聯，顯現人對自然的依戀與認同是促進人們心理健康的重要推動力之一。建議未來研究可以擴展研究對象至一般遊客或是小孩，了解更多不特定性大眾與自然連結的情形與相關效益；也可採用不同研究法包括質性研究了解個體在形成自然連結之差異，甚至實驗研究找尋自然連結到心理幸福感之間的路徑與機制，將可應用在國家公園長期規劃與環境教育活動設計上，改善國民與自然的互動的關係。

關鍵字

自然連結感；心理幸福感；環境行動經驗；親生命性假說；墾丁國家公園解說員

並列摘要

In a rapidly developing world, technological and economic advancements have resulted in increased urbanization and fewer opportunities for people to interact with nature. This separation from nature is driven by physical and psychological factors and impacts human health and well-being (Zylstra et al., 2014). In current society, parks have become an important place for people to contact nature. The international initiative "Healthy Parks, Healthy People," urged rediscovering the values of parks in the public health policy (Maller et al., 2009). This study seeks to evaluate whether national parks in Taiwan might likewise have a health-promoting role for the people. Therefore, this study places environmental interpreters in Kenting National Park at a center stage to consider the benefits of nature and the potential enhancements to mental health, such as psychological well-being. The current study investigates interpreters' status of nature connection, well-being, and environmental action experiences and explores the association between three factors. In addition, the study also examines the differences in the nature connection under different personal backgrounds and initially searches for potential factors that can predict nature connection. From July to September 2021, the survey was designed and completed with the online form and hard copies. The Nature Relatedness Scale (Nisbet et al., 2009) was translated and employed to measure interpreters' connectedness with nature from a multi-faceted viewpoints. To measure well-being, the researcher adopted the Psychological Well-being (PWB) Scale (Ryff, 1989) to understand how the interpreters' mental health functioned. Data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 with descriptive statistics, independent sample test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The research results show that psychological well-being and environmental action experiences are positively associated with interpreters' connection to nature, thus, verifying previous studies in western regions. Moreover, interpreters’ backgrounds do not significantly affect the development of a deep bond with nature once they are willing to be close to nature and have the opportunity to immerse in nature for a longer time. Further studies are needed to explore this association from more diverse participants, including tourists and children, to accumulate more local research results for Connectedness with Nature in the field of environmental education. Qualitative and experimental approaches are also required to understand more details about the mechanism behind Nature Relatedness and Psychological Well-being.