日本華僑青年的文化認同研究

隨著全球化的趨勢在日本生活的移民越來越多，其中華僑華人是其數量比較多的群體之一。因此在日華僑華人有關的研究也慢慢地開始得到關注，其研究主題也漸漸多元化，而且各領域的學者參與這方面的研究，試圖從不同角度思考問題。其中認同是一個非常熱鬧的議題之一，然而過去三十年日本華僑認同研究的主要研究對象主要都是華僑學校的學生或者華僑定居人數較多的區域（神戶、橫濱）為主。但現在日本華僑的生活區域、所受過教育等背景與過去有較大的不同，因此為了認識日本華僑認同更多樣的面向，本研究主要以非華僑學校就讀人士為對象進行研究。本研究皆在探討日本華僑青年文化認同的建構過程與其成長背景多樣性。主要采用質化研究法，訪談在日華僑青年，從文化習俗、社交範圍、語言使用等幾個角度進行采訪，試圖分析並將他們的文化認同類型以及語言使用狀況進行歸類。由於認同普遍被認為是在與所處社會環境的互動中形成的，本研究亦從日本華僑青年在中日或台日兩國的生活經歷出發，探討其文化認同的建構過程及其多樣性。本研究主要發現如下：（一）每位受訪者對於文化認同的表現及其認同強度和類型都具有很大程度的不同；（二）受訪者的認同或描述當中似乎存在一些矛盾的部分；（三）日本華僑青年對自己身分負面認同隨著成長減少；（四）中國留學經驗並非一定強化華僑青年的中國人認同；（五）認同與歸化不衝突；（六）節慶以及飲食習慣等方面，仍然保持一部分中華傳統，但他們表示不是很了解這些節慶或習俗的意義；（七）僑鄉認同的淡化；（八）方言與家鄉認同有一定的關係；（九）中文使用和學習動機與認同的關係不是很大，其學習目的主要在於找工作等經濟上的考量。實際上華僑在多種文化與語言環境當中長大，其背景相當複雜，其文化認同以及語言使用狀況都因人而異。他們的生活方式、教育程度都跟過去的華僑有很大不同。包括在日華僑社會本身的想法與觀念等方面，例如本研究的訪談個案跟過去的日本華僑不同，並不認為中文以及中國人意識的傳承是絕對要達到的事。而是認為自己的後代可以擁有更多元、更國際化的視野和想法。因此，日本華僑社會本身乃至整個日本社會都需要對華僑有全新的認識，不能以過去的眼光以偏概全地看待他們。

關鍵字

日本華僑；文化認同；語言認同

並列摘要

With the trend of globalization, there are more and more immigrants living in Japan, among which the Overseas Chinese is one of the more numerous groups. As a result, research on Overseas Chinese in Japan has slowly begun to gain attention and its topics have gradually diversified, and scholars from various fields have been involved in this research, trying to think about the issue from different perspectives. Identity is one of the most lively topics, but in the past 30 years, the main subjects of research on the identity of Overseas Chinese in Japan have been mainly students of Chinese schools or areas with a large number of Chinese settlers (Kobe and Yokohama). However, nowadays, the backgrounds of Overseas Chinese in Japan, such as living in different areas and education, are quite different from those of the past. Therefore, in order to understand the more diverse aspects of Overseas Chinese identity in Japan, this study focuses on non-Chinese school students. This study explores the process of constructing cultural identity and the diversity of the backgrounds in which J Overseas Chinese youth grow up. The study uses qualitative research methods to interview Overseas Chinese youth in Japan from several perspectives, including cultural practices, social sphere, and language use, in an attempt to analyze and categorize their cultural identity types and language use. Identity is generally considered to be formed through interaction with the social environment in which one lives, this study also examines the process of constructing cultural identity and its diversity from the perspective of the life experiences of Overseas Chinese youth in Japan. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) each respondent's expression of cultural identity and the strength and type of their identity differed to a great extent; (2) there seemed to be some contradictory parts in the respondents' identity or descriptions; (3) the negative identity of Overseas Chinese youths in Japan decreased with their growth; (4) the experience of studying in China did not necessarily strengthen the Chinese identity; (5) Identity and naturalization do not conflict (6) Festivals and food habits still maintain some Chinese traditions, but they say they do not understand the meaning of these festivals or customs very well; (7) The fading of Overseas Chinese hometown identity; (8) Dialects have some relationship with hometown identity; (9) Chinese language use and motivation for learning are not very much related to identity, and the purpose of learning mainly lies in economic considerations such as finding a job. In fact, the Chinese have grown up in a multicultural and linguistic environment, and their backgrounds are quite complex, and their cultural identity and language usage vary from person to person. Their lifestyles and education levels are very different from those of Chinese in the past. For example, the interviewees in this study did not believe that the transmission of Chinese language and Chinese consciousness is an absolute necessity, unlike the Overseas Chinese in the past. Rather, they believe that their descendants can have a more diverse and international perspective and ideas. Therefore, there is a need for a new understanding of the Overseas Chinese community and Japanese society as a whole, so that they cannot be viewed in a biased manner.