醫療院所建築物火災搶救對策之研究–以某醫學中心手術室為例

一般醫院手術室基於感染控制要求，均採用空調正壓系統設計。是否影響火場救災及人員逃生，有必要進行探討。本研究採用電腦數值模擬方法，以Smartfire軟體進行火場分析，探討手術室PE材質手術舖單燃燒時，空調正壓系統、防火風門及排煙風速等三項因素對現場煙流與溫度狀態、煙層下降距地面高度1.8m阻礙逃生時間之影響。研究結果顯示，空調正壓系統關閉及防火風門開啟時，排煙風速達到12 m/s，於34秒內火場高溫濃煙即已經由空調管線擴散至其他手術室。當防火風門關閉，排煙風速達法規最低標準4 m/s時，166秒內濃煙會經由走道擴散至鄰近手術室，因此關閉防火風門為搶救對策首要步驟。在防火風門關閉下，手術室內維持12.5 Pa空調正壓會造成火場熱流經由走道快速擴散而進入鄰近手術室，但走道對向手術室反而具有煙流阻隔效果。當手術室關閉空調正壓時，走道對向手術室煙流影響會更嚴重。當排煙機風速設定為12 m/s時，可提供相關醫療救災人員327秒的避難疏散作業時間。150秒時走道距地面1.8m高度之氣場溫度已達攝氏123度以上，嚴重阻礙逃生，即使操作防火風門及室內空調正壓也無法改善。本研究依上述結論提出三項現場搶救對策，(1)空調管線應強制設置防火風門，並於第一時間即刻關閉，以有效阻隔濃煙擴散。(2)手術室外應普遍裝設撒水系統以利滅火及降溫，維持走道避難疏散功能。(3)室內門應具有防火效能，並即刻關閉以防止延燒。

關鍵字

Smartfire ；手術室；空調正壓；防火風門；排煙風速

並列摘要

The operating room air conditioning design in the hospital uses a positive pressure mode, will affect the fire disaster relief and personnel escape is worth discussing.This study uses computer simulation to analyze with Smartfire software.Discuss the effects of air conditioning, fire damper and exhaust wind speed on the smoke flow, temperature status and smoke falling time.The research results show that when the air conditioner is turned off and the fire damper is opened, the exhaust wind speed reaches 12 m/s, and the high temperature smoke has spread from the air conditioning pipeline to other operating rooms within 34 seconds. When the fire damper is closed and the smoke speed is 4 m/s, the smoke will spread through the channel to the adjacent operating room within 166 seconds, so closing the fire damper is a priority. When the fire damper is closed, the positive pressure in the room will cause the heat flow to rapidly diffuse into the adjacent operating room, but the operating room opposite the channel has a smoke blocking effect. When the operating room closes the positive pressure of the air conditioner, the effect of the smoke on the operating room opposite the passage will be more serious.When the wind speed of the smoke exhauster is set to 12 m/s, the evacuation time of 327 seconds or more can be provided.At 150 seconds, the temperature of the channel 1.8m above the ground is above 123 degrees Celsius, which has affected the escape. Even if the fire damper is operated and the positive pressure is maintained, it cannot be improved. This study proposes three rescue countermeasures. (1) The air conditioner should be equipped with a fire damper, and the fire is immediately closed to block the smoke. (2) Sprinkler system should be installed outside the operating room to maintain the channel evacuation function. (3) Indoor doors should have fire protection to prevent burnout.