生命轉彎的地方-成功終止犯罪者之歷程

The Turning Point of Life:the Process of Crime Desistance

劉怡欣(LIU, YI-HSIN)

指導教授 ： 周愫嫻

國立臺北大學/社會科學學院/犯罪學研究所/碩士(2011年)

摘要

過去，犯罪學領域多以犯罪成因和再犯預測為研究範疇，以個人及外在結構變項為分析與探討之指標，而少有以個體認知型態與社會支持之分析，探究終止犯罪者的復原因子與歷程。因此，本研究整合了犯罪學與心理學的思維，以復原力的觀點出發，針對個體之認知思考型態與社會支持系統間之互動模式進行分析，藉正向之角度賦予犯罪矯治之著力的參考依據。
本研究以官方定義五年未再犯者為基準，且中介者及受邀之更生人皆主觀認定近五年為有犯罪之事實者為範圍，採取便利抽樣，藉由與更生成功者及其重要他人的質性訪談，了解期內、外在保護因子與社會支持系統的樣貌。而透過親友的介紹，最後實際訪談了五位毒品更生人與兩位重要他人，共七人。
本研究訪談結果發現，五位受訪更生人多在系統運作不良的家庭與同儕環境背景下，因著認知匱乏或認知扭曲而產生的無效問題解決策略，進而促發偏差與犯罪行為的產生。而隨著社會支持系統的強化（透過家族成員間關係的重新界定、功能角色與權力地位的移轉、重大家族事件所促成之家族系統的正向重組；無論關係的親疏，因著宗教教義、神職人員、宗教教誨師或同儕友伴適時給予支持）與認知轉換（透過重大生命事件、身心成熟、訊息傳入、他人引導與環境改變而交互促成），在個人意志力的驅使下，方扭轉其偏誤的思想、脫離過去的犯罪生活型態，取而代之的建立起更強而有力的內、外在正向連結。
部分個案的生命歷程，家庭是更生助力，亦是潛在危險因子；而促發更生意念的要素可能與施予社會支持者的專業背景與能否持續關注有關。此外，個體隨著認知成熟帶來之內省能力提升、更具備以理性且符合倫理道德的思維能力；階段性發展任務的移轉所伴隨而來身、心特質的改變，都可能是截斷其負向連結，促進認知轉換的要素。

關鍵字

終止犯罪 ； 復原力 ； 保護因子 ； 出獄受刑人 ； 更生保護計畫

並列摘要

In the past, the field of criminology limited the scope of research to the origins of crime and recidivism prediction, using individual and external structural variables as indices for analyses and investigations. Few studies, however, were carried out with regard to individual cognitive state or social support in the desistance of crime and factors and course of recidivism. This study will employ philosophies of both criminology and psychology, from the standpoint of psychological resilience, in the analysis of the interaction between individual cognitive states and social support programs, with the aim of providing pivotal recommendations for the positive correction of convicts.
This study uses the official definition of ex-convicts not relapsing into crime for a period of five years as a standard. Subject choices involved intermediaries and invited New-Life individuals who had, by objective definition, committed a recorded crime within five years. Convenience sampling was taken, with qualitative interviews carried out with successful New-Lifers and individuals critical for their achievement. Through these interviews, we hope to understand how external protective factors and social support systems worked during the New-Life program. With the introduction of friends and relatives, the study carried out face-to-face interviews with five ex-offenders in drug related crimes in the New-Life program and two critical individuals, so a total of seven interviews.
The research found, via the interviews, that the five New-Lifers relapsed into criminal behavior as a result of an inadequate support system and unhealthy family or peer environment; cognitive deficiencies or distortions were identified, which produced ineffective problem solving strategies. With the strengthening of social support systems (including restoring relationship with family members, transitioning into a functional role with authority and positive restoration of family structure through important family events; support is also provided by religious workers, teachers, peers and friends according to religious tenets regardless of family ties) and cognitive transformation (a result of going through important crossroads of life, psychological maturation, acquiring new information, guidance provided by others and changes to the environment), New-Lifers were able to use their personal willpower to rein in their biased mindsets and abandon their once-criminal lifestyles to build a healthy internal and external connection with society.
In a portion of the cases, family not only acted as a source of motivation but was also a potential risk factor. The motivation to continue with the New-Life program was dependent on the social workers’ professional background and whether the support provided can be sustained for extended periods of time. Additionally, with the individuals undergoing cognitive maturation that came with relevant increase in introspection abilities, the New-Lifers would also be equipped with greater rationality and a mindset in agreement with social norms and ethics. Gradual development and transformation in tasks and duties bring about relevant changes in body and mind. All of these are critical elements which would help the individual to desist in negativism and encourage a cognitive transformation.

並列關鍵字

desistance ； resilience ； protection factors ； ex-offenders

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