從羅爾斯的正義原則談同性婚姻的可能性

Using Rawls’ Principles of Justice to Examine the Possibility of Same-Sex Marriage

衛漢君(HAN-CHUN WEI)

指導教授 ： 劉幸義

國立臺北大學/法律學院/法律學系一般生組/碩士(2016年)

摘要

「正義」在人類的社會當中是一項被持續討論的議題，因為它始終涉及著人類群居生活裡最根本的「公平」問題。而隨著時代的演進、歷史的堆疊，社會出現諸如種族歧視、婦女參政、環境保護、人性尊嚴等等不同的主題需要人們檢視與決策，近年來「婚姻平權」已儼然成為國際間備受矚目的議題之一，對於同性婚姻也存在著不同的表述，不論是從自由、平等、或者對婚姻本質等層面之探討，都是嘗試對「婚姻權僅存在於異性之間」提出的挑戰。

羅爾斯在《正義論》開宗明義地說：「正義是社會制度的首要價值，就像真理是思想系統的首要價值一般」，他的正義理論追求的是良序社會的終極目標，提出了一套「原初狀態中的人們在無知之幕選擇出正義兩原則」的模型，當無知之幕慢慢被揭開後，人們在社會中持續透過反思平衡的方式來檢視正義。

法律的終極目的就是要維護正義，我國現行法（或透過大法官解釋）的適用結果，婚姻限於一夫一妻即一男一女，而同性之間則被排除於婚姻權利之外。本文欲透過羅爾斯的正義思想體系，推演目前我國法律「以『性傾向』的差異來決定是否擁有婚姻權」的運作結果，究竟是符合正義原則抑或是正義的破裂。

關鍵字

同性婚姻 ； 羅爾斯 ； 正義 ； 婚姻平權

並列摘要

“Justice” is an everlasting issue involving the most basic “fairness” in human social life. As time goes by, issues appear, such as racial discrimination, women’s participation in politics, environmental protection, and human dignity, etc., demanding review and decision making. In recent years, “marriage equality” has also sparked heated discussion. Different discourses on same-sex marriage are arising, either from the aspects of freedom, equality, or from that of the nature of marriage, attempting to challenge the institution that marriage exists only between heterosexuals.

According to Rawls’ famous saying, ” Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.” His theory of justice is in the pursuit of the ultimate goal of a well-ordered society, proposing a model that people behind the veil of ignorance select two principles of justice in the original position, and they continue to review justice through the way of reflective equilibrium when the veil is lifted slowly.

The ultimate purpose of law is to secure justice, but the incumbent law enforcement (or application of Interpretation of the Grand Justices) allows only “monogamy family”, excluding the rights to same-sex marriage. The thesis aims to infer, based on Rawls’ Theory of Justice, if the current operation of civil laws on the basis of “sexual orientation" is in line with the principles of justice or causes just a rupture in the society.

並列關鍵字

marriage equality ； same-sex marriage ； Rawls ； justice

參考文獻

23.徐振雄，<論平等權即「法之平等拘束原則」>，《法令月刊》，60卷4期，2009年4月，頁25-41。

30.曾建寧、詹惠雅、戴玉慈合著，<尊嚴之概念分析>，《榮總護理》，2011年3月，頁97-103。

19.吳澤玫，論羅爾斯的公共理性觀，國立台灣大學哲學評論，民國97年10月，頁237-245。

1.John Rawls, A Theory of Justice（REV. ED.）, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

2.───, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.