晚明學者的經學輯佚活動

Activities of Research And Compilation for the Lost Collections On Classical Studies From Scholars In The Late Ming Dynasty

陳亦伶(I-LING CHEN)

指導教授 ： 林慶彰

國立臺北大學/人文學院/古典文獻學研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

關於明代的輯佚活動，陳光貽先生曾言：「輯佚之學盛於南宋，而消沉於元明」，然而，摒除元代不論，在晚明七十二年的歷史中，相較於宋代，進行輯佚活動的學者人數、成果規模、抑或理論的闡發，都遠在宋人之上。每言考據、輯佚之功，皆讓清儒專美於前，實令人匪夷所思。於是本文採取：編輯目錄、搜尋輯本、比對輯文、分析歸納四個步驟研究晚明學者的經學輯佚活動，除了發掘明代的輯佚活動成果，更希望能藉由本文證明清代輯佚繁興乃奠基於明人之上，並為明人澄清輯佚理論與方法並非清人獨自創發。首先從各叢書、目錄中搜尋，剔除已經無法找到原書的書目，加上讖緯，計有七經十六種。確立研究的輯佚文本後，將前後朝有做過輯佚工作的輯本一併取得，如同進行版本源流考一般，將之相互排列，比對輯文，方可看出彼此的層遞關係。最後關於晚明學者的經學輯佚成果，可歸納四點說明：
　　（一）、打破歷來對明代輯佚不注出處的成見。從文中諸位學者輯佚成果，可以發現他們已開始在輯文後附註摘錄佚文典出何籍，而非清代以降學者所言，全然不註出處。
　　（二）、經學輯佚遍及各經。經由第三章至第六章內容，顯見明人經書輯佚並非僅有孫瑴《古微書》，而是遍及各經，皆有所功。這些輯佚工作內容，有的是對經典本文的輯補，有的是對注疏之文的補苴，可見明人輯佚內容之廣。又，在這些書中尤以姚士粦《陸氏易解》一卷、陳士元《孟子雜記》與孫瑴《古微書》對後代學者影響尤甚，因這三種書皆為明人首次進行輯佚工作，誠如錢熙祚所言：「仞始者難為功，繼起者易為力」。
　　（三）、輯佚法則的提出與佚文蒐集的途徑。除了祁承 （音漢）首次提出的具體輯佚方法，胡應麟也提示從類書蒐求佚文，留心同書異名、同名異書等易於引起混淆的誤輯問題。這些篳路藍縷之功，都可使清人輯佚工作更加順利。
　　（四）、回歸原典的「正經」工作。就學術風氣上，依循學術演變過程，觀察發現，明人的文學復古運動，產生「好奇炫博」的讀書風氣，促使輯佚校勘等考據活動活絡發展，順勢銜接明末清初的回歸原典「正經」工作。因此，無論是無形的觀念影響、學術風氣演變，抑或具體有形的輯佚文獻實證，皆可證明清代輯佚之學實奠基於明人之作。
　　顯然，明代輯佚研究數量偏少，在於未被學界重視所致，而不是沒有，因此經學輯佚，尤以晚明時期的輯佚成果，是具有其承繼宋代成果，啟發清代研究的地位，探究此時的經學輯佚，可使輯佚源流、輯佚法則更加明確，亦可發掘埋藏已久的文獻史料。

關鍵字

輯佚學 ； 經學 ； 經書輯佚 ； 文獻學 ； 明代

並列摘要

In regard to the activities of research and compilation for the lost collections of Ming Dynasty, Mr. Kuang-Yi Chen has said:”The study of research and compilation for the lost collections is blooming in the era of Southern Sung Dynasty, and slowly dying down in Yuan and Ming Dynasties”, however, leaving out Yuan Dynasty, while comparing to Southern Sung Dynasty, during the later period of 72 years in the history of Ming Dynasty, the number of scholars who have done on the research and compilation for the lost collections, scales of accomplishments, as well as the illustrations & discoveries on theories are far greater than people of Sung Dynasty. It is unimaginably queer that the investigation & standards of good sayings and the credits of research and compilation for the lost collections are all indicated the excellence of Ching scholars. Thus, our study is adopted with four steps: editing on catalogs, searching on collections, making comparisons on texts of collections, and analysis & summarization, to study the activities of research and compilation for the lost collections on classical studies from scholars of Ming Dynasty in the later period, moreover, it is not only to make discovery on the activities of research and compilation for the lost collections in Ming Dynasty, but also to hope for the verification through our study where the thriving on the research and compilation for the lost collections of Ching Dynasty is from the bedrock of works from Ming scholars, and at the same time to clarify for Ming scholars that the theories and methods of research and compilation for the lost collections are not invented by Ching scholars alone. Firstly, to look for from various kinds of books and catalogs, then to eliminate those books of which the originals are not able to be found, plus Chen-Wei, with a total of 7 studies and 16 categories. After making confirmation with the study on the texts of research and compilation for the lost collections, to obtain together of the collection books with the works done with research and compilation for the lost collections between the former and later dynasties, which is similar to work on the investigation of origins for editions, later, lining them with one another and making comparison with the texts of collections, in order to find the gradation relationships among one another. Finally, in regard to the accomplishments of the research and compilation for the lost collections on classical studies from scholars of Ming Dynasty in the later period, they can be summed up and illustrated in four matters: (I) Breaking the prejudice about no comments on the origins with research and compilation for the lost collections of Ming Dynasty. From the accomplishments of research and compilation for the lost collections of various scholars in the texts, we can find that they have already started to put comments on the back of collection about where the excerpts of lost studies are originated, unlike what the scholars in Ching Dynasty have mentioned, they do not make comments of origins at all. (II) The research and compilation for the lost collection on classical studies is across on all studies. Through the contexts from Chapter 3 to Chapter 6, it is obviously shown that the research and compilation for the lost collection on classical studies is not only on Ku Wei Shou by Ku Suen, but also is across on all studies, as well as credited by all. With the job contents of research and compilation for the lost collection, some are amendments of collections on the classical originals, some are amendments of missing on the texts of explanation & commentary, and it is well to be seen on the spectrum of knowledge with the research and compilation for the lost collection of Ming scholars. Moreover, in those books, a scroll of Comments of Lu on the Philosophy of Yi Chuan by Shi-Lin Yao, Miscellaneous Notes On Mengzi by Shi-Yuan Chen, and Ku Wei Shou by Ku Suen are especially with great influences to the scholars of later eras, due all the three books are the works of research and compilation for the lost collection firstly done by Ming scholars, and it is just same as the sayings by Shi-Tso Chien, “It is hard to be successful for the person from scratch, but easier for the followers.” (III) The proposals on the principles of research and compilation for the lost collection and collecting routes for the lost articles. Except Chen Chi has firstly proposed the concrete method on the research and compilation for the lost collection, Ying-Lin Hu has also made indications to collect lost articles from encyclopedia, to take heed with problems of errors in collection that are easily to cause confusions such as books with same contents and different names or books with same names but disparity in contents. Those efforts as pioneering to walk through the harsh paths enable the works of research and compilation. (IV) Go back to the “Respectable”works of original studies. On the aspect of scholar atmosphere, following with the process of academic evolution and discoveries from observations, the literature revival campaign on old schools from Ming scholars produce a study atmosphere of “being curious & to show off on erudition”, enabling the blooming developments on the activities of investigation & standards such as corrections of research and compilation for the lost collection, along with the trend to connect with going back to the “respectable”works of original studies in the later period of Ming Dynasty and beginning of Ming Dynasty. As a result, whether it is intangible influences on the ideas, evolution of academic atmosphere, or as actual proofs of documentaries with concrete & tangible research and compilation for the lost collection, they can all verify the study of research and compilation for the lost collection of Ching Dynasty is based upon the works of Ming scholars.
Obviously, the quantity of studies with research and compilation for the lost collection of Ming Dynasty is too few, and it is due of not valued by the academics, but not as none, thus, with the research and compilation for the lost collection, especially the accomplishment of which in the later period of Ming Dynasty is with a status of inheriting the accomplishment of Sung Dynasty and enlightening the studies of Ching Dynasty, moreover, to make investigation of the research and compilation for the lost collections on classical studies at the time enable to make clear on its origins and principles, and at the same time to be able to make discovery on the historical materials of documentaries long buried.

並列關鍵字

The study of research and compilation ； Classical Studies ； The Ming Dynasty

參考文獻

今存南北朝經學遺籍考　簡博賢　臺北市　黎明文化事業股份有限公司　　　

楊慎研究資料彙編　林慶彰師、賈順先編　臺北市　中央研究院中國文哲研

　　1978年　屈萬里指導

　　頁　2000年　王三慶指導　

馮登府的三家《詩》輯佚學　賀廣如　中國文哲研究集刊 第23 期 頁