長沙東牌樓東漢簡牘文書研究

2004年4月至6月，在長沙市中心五一廣場東南側的華明置業有限公司興建的湘浙匯商業大厦建設區域內的古井群進行了考古發掘，在編號為J7的古井中清理出一批東漢簡牘，共426枚，屬於長沙郡與臨湘縣透過郵亭收發的公私文書，藉由此文書內容，可以探究東漢末年在公、私文書內容中的職官、戶籍、民事訴訟、郵亭文書的傳達過程……等，證明了井不只用於汲水，井窖亦儲藏了豐富的簡牘文獻，此對於研究東漢末期的簡牘形制、文書封緘制度與公、私文書內容有著極大的價值。在以往發現的漢簡當中，東漢末期的簡牘極為少見，而J7古井中所出土的一批東漢簡牘，正好可以彌補這一段空白。在內容上，這一批東漢簡牘更可以聯繫到三國吴簡（公文、私信、戶籍、名刺、券書、簽牌等），藉以研究戶籍簡的制度，此外，內容還包括了詞語，我也有新的探論。另外，我將東牌樓的內容和睡虎地秦簡、敦煌漢簡、居延新舊簡、懸泉漢簡、甘谷漢簡等去比對出職官的屬性，再額外去探討鴻都門學與漢代官制上的發展，以期考證出東漢文獻中，史籍已載與未載之官制，透過逐一的比對，研究期會制度、學官制度、契約文書、素上言盜取文書、繼承文書，完成整個論文的基本架構。研究東牌樓的目的是為了將東漢與西漢的簡牘作一接軌的動作，再說雖然人家常說「漢承秦制」其實倒也不完全都是，從東牌樓的制度中就可以發現，在西漢仍稱都吏的官職，到東漢改稱督郵、督郵書掾等名稱。至於東漢常用的習字簡，一方面可以研究它的文吏會多少種字體，二來也可以得東知東漢選官的方式可由學官執行。於是我比對了《後漢書》，發現了東漢另外一條利用鴻都門學舉官的一種方式。全文內容大多以比較法得來資料，但是研究範圍卻超出《史記》、《漢書》、《後漢書》、《三國志》》，結合了出土文獻中的碑刻與封泥來完成此論文的。研究結果發現督郵還有多種名稱，簡牘的新綴合方式，以及常用語詞字體的探究文書的正本或副本，目的就是在還原東漢時空背景之下的東漢社社會。

關鍵字

文書；制度；鴻都門學

並列摘要

From April, 2004 to June, the Hunan Zhejiang investor spare-time university mansion which south side China Ming Zhiye Limited company constructed east the Changsha town center 51 squares constructs in the region the ancient well group to carry on archaeology excavating, was in the J7 ancient well cleans up one batch of Eastern Han Dynasty Jan slip of wood in the serial number, altogether 426, belonged to the Changsha county and the Linxiang County penetration courier's lodge receiving and dispatching public and private copy clerk, the affiliation from this copy clerk content, might inquire into the Eastern Han Dynasty male last years in, the private copy clerk content official, the household register, the civil action, the courier's lodge copy clerk's transmission process ......Not only and so on, proved the well to use in drawing water, the well cellar has also preserved the rich Jan slip of wood literature, this regarding studied the Eastern Han Dynasty last stage the Jan slip of wood construction, the copy clerk seals the system and male, the private copy clerk content has the enormous value. In formerly discovered in the middle of Chinese Jan, the Eastern Han Dynasty last stage Jan slip of wood is extremely rare, but in the J7 ancient well the unearthed one batch of Eastern Han Dynasty Jan slip of wood, happen to may make up this section of blanks.In the content, this group of Eastern Han Dynasty Jan Dugeng may relate to Three Kingdoms Wu Jan (archives, private letter, household register, calling card, ticket book, bamboo slip sign and so on), so as to the research household register Jan's system, the content also has included in addition the words and expressions, I also have newly search theory.Moreover, I east the decorative archway content and will rest tiger Qin Jan, Dunhuang Chinese Jan, occupy extend new old Jan, waterfall Chinese Jan, Gangu Chinese Jan and so on go compared to leave official's attribute, again extra will discuss the great wild goose national capital study and in the Han Dynasty government system development, will textually research in the Eastern Han Dynasty literature by the time, the historical records have carried with have not carried the government system, the penetration one by one compared to, the research time will meet the system, studies the official system, on the contract copy clerk, the element the word steals the copy clerk, the inheritance copy clerk, will complete the entire paper the basic construction. East the research the decorative archway goal will be makes a trail connection for the Eastern Han Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty's Jan slip of wood the movement, again said although the human daily family activity said “the Chinese will receive the Qin system” but actually incompletely all is actually, might discover from in the east decorative archway system, in the Western Han Dynasty still called all government official's government position, will rename to the Eastern Han Dynasty supervises postal, supervises the postal book subordinate officials and so on the names.Commonly used practices writing Jan as for the Eastern Han Dynasty, on the one hand may study it the article government official to speak how many kind of typefaces, two comes also to be possible to know the Eastern Han Dynasty chooses official's way to be possible to carry out by study the official.Therefore I compared to right "Historical Records of the Eastern Han dynasty", had discovered Eastern Han Dynasty other lifts official's one way using the great wild goose national capital study. The full text content mostly comes the material by the comparison test, but the research scope surpasses "Shihchi" actually, "Han History", "Historical Records of the Eastern Han dynasty", "San Guo Zhi", unified in the unearthed literature stele carving with to seal the putty to complete this paper.The findings discovered supervises postal also has many kinds of names, Jan Du decorates newly gathers the way, as well as the commonly used word typeface inquisition copy clerk's principal edition or the transcription, the goal is in returns to original state under the Eastern Han Dynasty space and time background Eastern Han Dynasty society.