人在武術，武術在人： 一個身體學習與感知的武術民族誌

Body, Perception and Cultural Learning: An Ethnographic Study on Martial Arts

林廷豪(Ting-Hao Lin)

指導教授 ： 簡美玲

國立交通大學/客家文化學院/人文社會學系族群與文化碩士班/碩士(2018年)

摘要

本論文探討一桃園武術社群，習武者修習武術的身體經驗與感知之呈現過程，並書寫成當代台灣武術民族誌。相較過去對於武術文化之討論與研究，本論文以人類學民族誌的方法與理論，與身體感研究取向為基礎，針對武術社群的每周課程，進行參與觀察、文化學習之體驗，並針對師兄姐的習武經驗，進行深度訪談，並加上自身的習武感受，來知曉當代習武者的身體感受。本論文發現習武者藉由身體，將武術中對於身體的概念與知識去細膩地體悟、實踐，展現出複雜的價值和文化觀，並將其內化在身體當中。而不同習武者之經驗，也能看到即便在同個老師底下學習，仍因個人體悟與理解上的不同，而形塑出多元的武術展現。而從武術學習的過程所形塑之身體感，也回饋於個人家庭、工作等人際與社會關係。
本論文第一章首先針對研究興趣的結合進行闡述，透過文獻回顧點出研究的不足以及本論文理論之基礎，並針對研究對象與田野地進行分析與描述。第二章主要從我的經驗出發，來看習武者成為學徒的理由與過程，與最基礎也最重要之「放鬆」概念。第三章進到武術身體知識技術的層面，透過動作去闡述習武者對於身體細膩的掌握。藉由「玩」的方式，根據自己的身體情況，來進行各種實驗性的嘗試，而身體感知給予習武者回饋與嘗試的可能。第四章則探討圓的哲學概念意涵，以及武術怎樣將圓的概念納入其中，並藉由不同的方式來實踐。而除了習武者將圓應用在武術外，在時間上也依循著環境的變化，不斷適應與疊加武術的身體感。第五章接續前三章，將武術中「心」的層次拉出，去論述在修練的過程中「心」的重要性與身心交織的情況。第六章則回歸到日常，去看習武者在轉化自身的同時，又怎麼樣將這樣的轉化帶回日常生活中，去適應又或者改變生活周遭，對生活帶來好的影響。也揭示了武術是一個不斷適應環境的文化，給予現代人更加去適應社會的可能。最後第七章我嘗試將本論文所展現之民族誌材料，與過往之研究與身體感研究取向，乃至於人類學理論之間，進行分析與討論。究竟這樣的材料從不同的面相上，呈現出何以武術文化。以表達在這樣的武術社群所學習的武術文化，在學術上所能賦予的意義與貢獻。

關鍵字：身體感、文化學習、武術文化、台灣武術民族誌

關鍵字

身體感 ； 文化學習 ； 武術文化 ； 台灣武術民族誌

並列摘要

Written in the form of ethnography of Taiwanese martial arts, this thesis discusses the sensory experience (身體感) and perceptual process of practitioners in a society of martial arts in Taoyuan. Compared with the past studies and discussions on cultures of martial arts, this thesis is based on anthropological approaches, theories and the studies of sensory experience, combining participant observation, culture learning experience, the learning experience of disciples (師兄姐), in-depth interviews and my personal learning experience to explore the experience of contemporary martial arts practitioners. This thesis discovered that, via the medium of a body, a practitioner meticulously experiences the concept and sensory knowledge of the martial arts, demonstrates and internalizes the complex values and viewpoints. Despite learning under the same master, different practitioners still experience distinctively owing to personal backgrounds and understandings, shaping the diverse presentations of martial arts. The sensory experience sculpted by the learning of martial arts also affects the practitioner’s families, work and other interpersonal and social relations.
Chapter one discusses the research interest, explores the related literature to point out the basis of theories and the shortage of the research, and describes the subjects and the field. Chapter two mainly starts off from my experience, looking into the reasons and processes of becoming a practitioner of martial arts and the most basic and yet most important concept of “relaxation.” Chapter three digs into the sensory knowledge of martial arts: describing the practitioners’ delicate command of their body. Via the method of “playing,” practitioners make various experimental attempts and the sensory experience gives them feedbacks and possibilities of attempts. Chapter four discusses the philosophy of roundness (圓) and how martial arts incorporates the concept of roundness and practices it in different ways. Apart from the practitioners’ application of roundness to martial arts, they also constantly adapt themselves to the sensory experience of “martial arts according to the changes of their surroundings. Continuing the observation of the previous three chapters, chapter five focuses on the “mind” (心) of martial arts to discuss the importance of mind and the interrelationship between a mind and a body during the process of practicing martial arts. Chapter six discusses how practitioners transform themselves and how they bring this transformation back to their daily lives to adapt themselves or to change the environments around them. This chapter also presents that martial arts are constantly adaptable cultures which give modern people more possibility to adapt themselves to the society. In the final chapter, I tried to discuss and analyze the ethnographic materials, the related studies and the anthropological theories in the past. I would like to explore how this sort of material can present the culture of martial arts in different aspects to contribute to the academic society.

Keywords: the sensory experience, culture learning, cultures of martial arts, ethnography of Taiwanese martial arts

並列關鍵字

the sensory experience ； culture learning ； cultures of martial arts ； ethnography of Taiwanese martial arts

參考文獻

中文文獻

小佐野，2012，《圖解中國武術》。新北：楓書坊。

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_______，2001，〈氣的文化與科學研究──「文化、氣與傳統醫學科技綜合研究」主題計畫〉。頁68-75，刊於《中央研究院學術諮詢總會通訊》10（2）。台北：中央研究院。

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