自動撒水系統應用在地下停車空間之研究-以機車防護為例

Analysis of Automatic Sprinkler System Design In Underground Parking Space - A Case Study of Protecting The Scooter

李雨修(Yu-Hsiu Li)

指導教授 ： 陳俊勳

國立交通大學/工學院/工學院產業安全與防災學程/碩士(2019年)

摘要

本研究主要探討地下停車空間設置自動撒水系統替代泡沫滅火設備可行性，並以機車作為防護對象，使用美國國家標準暨技術研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)所研發電腦模擬程式(Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)進行模擬，不同於中國大陸及美國訂定停車空間防火規範專法及允許停車空間在依一定條件下設置自動撒水系統，目前國內一般建築物停車空間以設置泡沫滅火設備為大宗，但泡沫滅火設備泡沫原液保存情形會影響滅火效能，相較下，自動撒水設備具有經濟及環保效益，系統本身穩定度較高。
地下停車空間機車停車區多採用集中設置方式，車輛併排停放，起火後容易延燒，且建築物地下空間因密閉性環境，導致火災發生形成排煙困難、外氣供給受到限制、易蓄積高溫與火場溫度上升速度快等特性，文獻上針對機車全尺寸火災實驗發現，火災成長係數平均值為0.19 kW/sec2，屬於時間平方火災極快速(Ultra Fast)成長模式，在全尺寸滅火實驗文獻顯示，自動撒水系統可抑制火焰高度與阻止機車間延燒，在電腦模擬(FDS)文獻指出，自動撒水系統撒水頭作動順序與趨勢相同於全尺寸實驗。
本研究模擬情境為利用自動撒水系統撒水頭不同型式(密閉式及開放式)、不同反應時間(Response Time Index,RTI值235及42)、不同放水量(32.6及80 L/min)及不同起火源位置(起火源位於撒水頭正下方、2顆撒水頭直線配置中間及4顆撒水頭正方形配置中間)；模擬結果顯示，撒水頭感知元件越靈敏，其撒水動作時間越早，可在火源尚未達最大熱釋放率前動作，而開放式撒水模式相對於密閉式撒水模式，其滅火所需時間較少，且放水量越多，滅火及環境溫度下降所需時間會縮短，另機車起火源與撒水頭感知元件之水平距離越近，撒水頭可以越快動作，儘速抑制火源熱釋放率成長。

關鍵字

自動撒水系統 ； 地下停車空間 ； FDS ； 機車滅火 ； RTI

並列摘要

This study mainly discusses the feasibility of replacing the foam fire-extinguishing equipment with the automatic sprinkler system in the underground parking space and uses the computer simulation program (Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to simulation the protected scooter. Different from China and the United States to set the parking space fire prevention code law and allow the parking space to set the automatic sprinkler system under certain conditions, the current underground parking space of general buildings is mainly equipped with foam fire-extinguishing equipment in Taiwan. But the storage condition of the foam raw liquid of foam fire-extinguishing equipment will affect the fire extinguishing efficiency. Compared with foam fire-extinguishing equipment, the automatic sprinkling system has economic and environmental benefits, even high stability.
The underground parking spaces of the scooter are mostly set in a centralized manner. Because of the scooter parked side by side, it is easy to extend burning when the fire broke out. Due to the underground space of building is a closed environment, the smoke of fire is exhausted difficultly, the external air is supply limitedly, the temperature of fire rise rapidly and the high temperature accumulate easily. The literature about scooter full-scale fire indicates that the average fire growth coefficient is 0.00019 MW/sec2, it represents the scooter fire is classified as ultra-fast time square fire growth model. In the full-scale fire extinguishing experimental literature, automatic sprinkler system can suppress the flame height and prevent extending burning. According to the computer simulation (FDS) literature, no matter computer simulation or full-scale experiments, the active order and trend about automatic sprinkler system sprinkler heads are the same.
This study simulation scenario designed includes using different automatic sprinkler system sprinkler head types (enclosed wet type and open type), different response time index (RTI 235 and 42), different volume of water discharge (32.6 and 80 L/min) and different configurations (the fire source is located directly below the sprinkler head, in the middle of the two sprinkler heads straight lines and in the middle of the four sprinkler heads by squares). The simulation result demonstrates that the more sensitive the sprinkler sensing element is, the earlier action time it has, the sprinkler can be activated before getting the maximum heat release rate. The open type requires less time to extinguish the fire than the enclosed wet type, and the more water discharge, the shorter time required to extinguish the fire and decrease the ambient temperature it has. If the horizontal distance between the sprinkler sensing element and the scooter ignition source is short, the sprinkler can act quickly, the heat release rate of fire can be suppressed in advance.

並列關鍵字

Automatic Sprinkler System ； Underground Parking Space ； FDS ； Scooter fire Extinguishing ； RTI

參考文獻

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