動畫角色的臉部造型特徵與其傳達之主觀印象的關聯性研究

本論文聚焦於3D動畫角色的臉部特徵以及特徵與觀者感受之間的關係，以全球票房前100名之動畫長片的角色共332名為樣本，測量臉部的33項特徵長度進行分析。研究共分為三個部分：「不同類別動畫角色臉部特徵設計原則之比較」探索動畫角色設計師在設計角色臉部時的潛在設計法則；「關鍵臉部特徵的抽取研究」將33項臉部參數的測量濃縮成數個具代表性的關鍵特徵；「臉部特徵與觀者心理感受研究」探索觀眾觀看這些關鍵特徵時產生的主觀感受，並進一步了解各特徵對特定感受的貢獻值是多少。「不同類別動畫角色臉部特徵設計原則之比較」依據角色的性別、年齡與身份進行分組，以多向度量尺法（MDS）進行分析比較，結果發現角色的臉部特徵比例以及誇張化程度確實受到這三項因素的影響。「臉孔的長寬比」和「下巴大小」是影響大部分角色的關鍵特徵。性別方面，男性角色的誇張化程度遠大於女性角色，男性趨向誇張化臉的長度，而女性則趨向誇張化寬度。年齡方面，誇張化程度和年齡成正比，唯獨老年群組是女性的誇張化程度大於男性。身分方面，女主角擁有極為相似的臉部特徵比例，而反派角色則有將臉部輪廓設計成三角型的趨勢。「關鍵臉部特徵的抽取研究」採用主成份分析（PCA）將33項臉部參數濃縮為9項具代表性的重要特徵，分別是：「臉的垂直特徵」、「下巴大小」、「眉毛與眼睛的距離」、「兩眼外側連線」、「人中長」、「額頭大小」、「臉內寬度特徵」、「嘴唇厚度」和「眼睛大小」。「臉部特徵與觀者心理感受研究」以網路問卷的方式，請受測者以李克特五點量表，評量樣本角色的（1）男性化程度；（2）女性化程度；（3）年紀大小；（4）吸引力；（5）信任感；（6）權威感；（7）親和力；（8）特殊性；（9）可愛感；（10）邪惡感，共10項心理感受。最後將前一項研究的9項特徵作為獨變項，問卷的心理感受數據作為依變項，進行迴歸分析，建立角色心理感受的多元迴歸模型。研究結果除了讓我們知道每一項特徵與感受的對應關係外，我們也發現「臉的垂直特徵」、「下巴大小」和「眉毛與眼睛的距離」是設計師誇張化比較多的部分。「臉內寬度特徵」則是影響心理感受很多，但卻不常被設計師誇張化的部位。透過以上對角色臉部特徵的研究結果，我們能夠得出具體的角色設計建議，讓剛入門的角色設計師能系統性的進行臉部輪廓與臉內特徵比例的調整，使設計角色的流程更有效率，同時也使角色設計的知識更容易傳遞與學習。這些結果除了能直接貢獻動畫相關娛樂產業之外，更能嘉惠社群媒體、商務活動、醫療、教育等有使用到3D虛擬角色與虛擬世界的相關應用與研究領域。

關鍵字

動畫角色；角色設計；臉部特徵；角色印象

並列摘要

This thesis focuses on the facial features of 3D animation characters and the psychological impressions made by these features. We measured and analyzed 33 facial characteristics of 332 characters from the top-100 grossing animation films at the international box office. This study was divided into three parts: comparison of design principles for facial, extraction of key facial features and physiognomic properties of facial features. The first investigated the implicit design principles that animation character designers follow when designing characters. The second narrowed down the 33 facial characteristics into several representative ones. The third explored the subjective impressions that audience members form when they see these characteristics to further understand how much various characteristics contribute to certain impressions. In comparison of design principles for facial, the characters were grouped by gender, age, and role of the character and then analyzed and compared using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results indicated that the proportions of facial characteristics and the extent of their exaggeration are indeed influenced by these three factors. Face aspect ratio and chin size were found to be the key characteristics. In terms of gender, male characters were exaggerated to a much greater extent than female characters. Male characters tended to exhibit exaggerated facial lengths, whereas female characters tended to exhibit exaggerated facial widths. The extent of exaggeration increased with the age of the character with the exception of elderly characters; for this group the trend reversed, and the faces of female characters were more exaggerated than those of male characters. With regard to role, female protagonists exhibited similar facial characteristic proportions, and the faces of antagonists tended to be in the shape of triangles. In extraction of key facial features, we adopted principal component analysis (PCA) and identified 9 representative facial characteristics: facial length, jaw size, eye-eyebrow height, distance between outer eye corners, philtrum length, forehead size, central feature width, lip thickness, and eye size. In Physiognomic properties of facial features, we administered an online questionnaire in which participants were asked to rate characters on how (1) masculine, (2) feminine, (3) old, (4) attractive, (5) dependable, (6) majestic, (7) approachable, (8) unique, (9) cute, and (10) evil they were. Finally, we performed regression analysis using the 9 facial characteristics as the independent variables and the psychological impression data from the questionnaire as the dependent variables to construct a multiple regression model of the psychological impressions made by characters. The results revealed the corresponding relationships between each characteristic and impression and the fact that designers tended to use more exaggeration in facial length, lower jaw size, and eye-eyebrow height. Central feature width exerted a significant impact on psychological impression but was not often exaggerated by designers. The results of the facial characteristic study enable us to propose concrete suggestions for character design so that novice character designers can adjust the facial silhouettes and facial characteristic proportions in a systematic manner. The character design process can therefore become more efficient, and knowledge regarding character design can be more easily passed on and learned. These results contribute directly to animation-related entertainment industries and also benefit applications and studies in social media, commercial activities, healthcare, and education that involve 3D virtual characters and virtual worlds.