空氣污染之防制成本及環境空氣品質質損帳的研究–以燃煤電廠及鋼廠為例

A Study of Cost of Air Pollution Control and Environmental Degradation of Air Quality Account –A Case Study for Coal-Fired Power Plants and Steel-Making Mills

陳政鴻(Cheng-Hung Chen)

指導教授 ： 蔡春進

國立交通大學/工學院/環境工程系所/碩士(2019年)

摘要

我國近年的空氣品質有逐漸改善的趨勢，自2005年至2016年，在PM10、SOx、NOx及VOCs分別降低約27%、42%、37%、32% (詹，2017)。為了能夠有效了解空氣污染防制對人民的健康效益影響，我國主要透過《綠色國民所得帳》(Green GDP)中的「空氣質損帳」進行分析，並以「維護成本法」進行計算。在「維護成本法」的計算上，我國將「空氣質損帳」區分為點源、線源及面源三種，將各源別的「空氣污染之單位防制成本」(NT/ton) 乘上「空污應削減排放量」(ton)而得。其中點源的「空氣污染單位防制成本」是以2000年行政院環保署的計算結果為基礎並以躉售物價指數進行推算，目前最新2017年點源的「空氣污染單位防制成本」於TSP、PM10、SOx、NOx及NMHC 的推算結果分別為14,777元、38,311元、25,413元、25,934元及96,369元 (行政院主計處，2018)。然而，此推算的方式將可能忽略近年空污控制設備技術的改善、舊有機組的更新、未區分行業別等原因造成結果誤差，因此有待於精進得空間。有鑑於此，本研究將點源「空氣污染單位防制成本」更細緻化，採個案分析針對我國台中電廠、興達電廠、大林電廠、林口電廠、中國鋼鐵燒結廠及中龍鋼鐵燒結廠進行實廠調查，計算各厰的空污「初設單位防制成本」及空污「持續投入(改善)成本」，並以此結果精進「空氣質損帳」。結果顯示，火力燃煤電廠「初設單位防制成本」在TSP、SOx及NOx分別平均為1,790 NT/ton、27,546 NT/ton及31,204 NT/ton；燒結廠在TSP、SOx及NOx分別平均為8,859 NT/ton、25,665 NT/ton及27,719 NT/ton。若考慮「持續投入(改善)成本」，火力燃煤電廠實際「空氣污染之單位防制成本」在TSP、SOx及NOx分別平均為55,246 NT/ton、124,138 NT/ton及50,526 NT/ton；燒結廠在TSP、SOx及NOx分別平均為64,318 NT/ton、37,578 NT/ton及173,670 NT/ton。以精進後的「空氣污染之單位防制成本」來計算2017年各廠的「空氣質損帳」，平均較目前《綠色國民所得帳》中的推估值高1.38倍 (以電廠和鋼鐵廠為例)，顯示目前的「空氣質損帳」計算上有明顯低估的情形。

關鍵字

維護成本法 ； 空氣質損帳 ； 空污單位防制成本 ； 綠色國民所得帳

並列摘要

In recent years, the air quality has been improved significantly in Taiwan. From 2005 to 2016, the concentration of the air quality of PM10, SOx, NOx & VOCs have been reduced by 27%, 42%, 37% & 32%, respectively. (Zhan, 2017). In Taiwan, we can know about the impact of air pollution emissions on human’s health through the “Environmental Degradation of Air Quality” account in the Green GDP, which is calculated based on “maintenance cost approach”. For the “maintenance cost approach”, it is divided into three types：point source, line source and non-point source. For the calculation method of the “maintenance cost approach”, which is the “unit cost of air pollution control” (NT/ton) multiplied by the “abatement of air pollution emission” (ton). However, the “unit cost of air pollution control” of point source is based on the results which are calculated in 2000, and adjusted by the “Wholesale Price Index” (WPI). The latest 2017 “unit cost of air pollution control” of point source of TSP, PM10, SOx, NOx & NMHC are 14,777 NT, 38,311 NT, 25,413 NT, 25,934 NT & 96,369 NT, respectively. (Executive Accounting Office, 2018). These results which are adjusted by WPI might ignore the retrofitting cost of the air pollution control devices in recent years；the updating cost of the old devices；undifferentiated industry etc. In this study, we had a field survey on six factories which are Taichung Power Plant, Xingda Power Plant, Dalin Power Plant, Linkou Power Plant, the Sintering Plant of China Steel Corporation & the Sintering Plant of Dragon Steel Corporation. The recalculated “unit cost of air pollution control” & the “unit cost of post-improvement” are used to enhance the “Environmental Degradation of Air quality”. The results show that the average “unit cost of air pollution control” of the coal-fired power plant of TSP, SOx & NOx are 1,790 NT/ton, 27,546 NT/ton & 31,204 NT/ton, respectively；the average “unit cost of air pollution control” of the sintering plant of TSP, SOx & NOx are 8,859 NT/ton, 25,665 NT/ton & 27,719 NT/ton, respectively. After consider about the post-improvement cost, the average “unit cost of air pollution control” of the coal-fired power plant of TSP, SOx & NOx increased to 55,246 NT/ton, 124,138 NT/ton & 50,526 NT/ton, respectively；the average “unit cost of air pollution control” of the sintering plant of TSP, SOx & NOx increased to 64,318 NT/ton, 37,578 NT/ton & 173,670 NT/ton, respectively. In this study, for the “Environmental Degradation of Air quality” account results are higher than the estimated value in the “Green National Income Report” by 138 % (taking coal power generation and steel sintering plants as the example), which means the current “Environmental Degradation of Air quality” account in Taiwan is underestimated.

並列關鍵字

Maintenance Cost Approach ； Environmental Degradation of Air quality ； Unit Cost of Air Pollution Control ； Green GDP

參考文獻

劉曉蘭 (2001)，「固定污染源空氣污染防制效率與成本結構之探討」，國立臺北大學資源管理研究所碩士論文。

經濟部工業局 (2002)，「總量管制空氣污染物削減技術手冊」，經濟部工業局。

朱雲鵬 (2003)，「綠色國民所得帳發展理論原則與架構之評析-從理論面分析比較SEEA與ENRAP之架構與內涵」，主計月刊，(565)，32-39。

倪佩貞 (2003)，「空氣污染物排放量清冊更新管理及空氣品質折耗量推估計畫」(第二年)，行政院環保署環保專案成果報告，EPA-92-FA11-03-D03。

李正揚 (2008)，「台灣地區廠商空氣污染防制成本函數實證研究」，國立臺北大學自然資訊與環境管理研究所碩士論文。